Outline:

Introduction
Definitions of Petroleum Pronince, Basin,
Field, Play and Prospect
Field Types

Global Hydrocarbon Distribution

Geographic Distribution- Hc. Provinces
Geologic Distribution – HC. in Space and Time

Global Tectonics and Sedimentary Basin Dynamics

Types of Petroliferous Basins

Selected Giant Field Discussion

Knowledge of their tectonic setting, geologic history and conditions for hydrocarbon formation will
contribute greatly to understanding the origin and future supply of the world's hydrocarbons.
Definition

A "giant" oil field is defined as one containing proved reserves exceeding

500 million bb1

A giant gas field contains proved reserves of greater than 3 Tcf.

"Reserves" refer to the ultimate recoverable amount and include the

amount produced to date.

Some fields are giants only when viewed on a boe basis.

World map of sedimentary basins

Onshore basins are shown in green; offshore basins are lavender. The brown
contour represents 1000-m [3300-ft] water depth.
Global distribution of 592 giant oil fields plotted on topographic-bathymetric world map. Yellow boxes
indicate concentrations of giant oil fields shown in detailed figures. A) Alaska; B) Rocky Mountain
foreland; C) Southern California; D) Permian and Anadarko basins; E) Gulf of Mexico; F) Northern South
America; G) Brazil; H) North Sea; I) North Africa; J) West Africa; K) Arabian Peninsula / Persian Gulf; L)
Black Sea; m) Caspian Sea; N) Ural Mountains; O) West Siberia; P) Siberia; Q) China; R) Sunda; S)
Australia; T) Bass Strait / Australia / Tasmania.
Petroleum realms of the world.
RANKING OF THE WORLD'S OIL AND GAS PROVINCES BY KNOWN
PETROLEUM VOLUMES

Region 1 Region 5
Region 2 Region 6
Region 3 Region 7
Region 4 Region 8
Histogram showing known petroleum volumes of the world by region. The number of
provinces in each region that contain known oil and gas are shown. The United States
known petroleum volume is included in Region 5. [BBOE is billion barrels of oil equivalent.
For this calculation, 6,000 cubic feet of gas equals 1 barrel of oil equivalent.]
Distribution of World Oil and Gas (in %)
Offshore hydrocarbon reserves are substantial and potential reserves are
large, with possibly 40 percent of the world's undiscovered petroleum
resources and production has been developed on the margins of every
continent except Antarctica
 Production of 'non-conventional hydrocarbons' in 2000

Classification Location Amount [mb/d]

'Heavy oils' Canada 1.0
'Heavy oils' Venezuela 0.5
'Deepwater oils' Gulf of Mexico 0.3
'Deepwater oils' Brazil 0.8
'Polar oils' Alaska 1.0
'Polar oils' Others 0.1
'Miscellaneous' 0.6

Total 'non- 4.3

conventional
hydrocarbons'
World Oil Production (2000-2020) as per the reference case
of OPEC's 'World Energy Model' [10]. (all figures in million b/d)

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

OPEC 30.0 34.0 38.6 45.9 53.4

Non-OPEC 45.9 49.3 52.4 52.5 52.4

Total 75.9 83.3 91.0 98.4 105.8

 The present global oil situation can be summarised
within five major and inescapable trends:
•The world's super giant and giant oil fields are dying off

•There are no more major frontier regions left to explore besides

the earth's poles

•Production of non-conventional crude oil has been initiated at

great costs --- in Venezuela's Orinoco belt, Canada's Athabasca
tar sands and ultra-deep waters

•Even OPEC's oil production has its limits

•No major primary energy rival can possibly take over from oil and
gas in the medium term.
 OPEC Member Countries:
Country Joined OPEC
Location
Algeria 1969 Africa
Indonesia 1962
Asia
IR Iran 1960*
Middle East
Iraq 1960*
Middle East
Kuwait 1960* Middle
East
SP Libyan AJ 1962 Africa
Nigeria 1971 Africa
Qatar 1961 Middle
East
Saudi Arabia 1960* Middle
                                   

      
Recoverable Crude Oil Futures (in billions of barrels)

0.1 to 10 to 20 to
0.1 1 to 10 > 100
1 20 100
HYDROCARBON DISTRIBUTION
IN
SPACE AND TIME
DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN CAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN.
Bois et al. (1982)
DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN SILURIAN-EARLY CARBONIFEROUS
Bois et al. (1982)
DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN LOWER CARBONIFEROUS-PERMIAN
Bois et al. (1982)
DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN TRIASSIC-JURASSIC.
Bois et al. (1982)
DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN CRETACEOUS.
Bois et al. (1982)
DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN EARLY TERTIARY
Bois et al. (1982)
DISTRIBUTION OF HYDROCARBON PLAYS IN LATE TERTIARY
Bois et al. (1982)
THE MAJOR HYDROCARBON RESERVES RESIDE
IN MESOZOIC AND TERTIARY ROCKS:

Mesozoic – 54% of Oil and 44% of Gas

Tertiary – 32% of Oil and 27% of Gas

Rest in Paleozoic in stable cratonic and intracratonic

areas which afford the best chance for preservation
VOLUME OF SOURCE AND RESERVE VERSUS LATITUDE FOR ALL AGES (Irving, 1962)
POSITION OF INDIAN PLATE MOTION AS PER PALEOMAGNETIC DATA
(Klootwijk,1974)
8,9,10. Throuh Tertiary ; 11,12. Throuh Miocene ; 13.Present
POSITION OF INDIAN PLATE MOTION AS PER PALEOMAGNETIC DATA
(Klootwijk,1974)
1. E. Permian ; 2,3,4. L Permian to E Triassic ; 5 . E. Cretaceous
6, 7. Mid- Late Cretaceous
A. Distribution of land masses, seaways and major Ocean Currents
during Late Cretaceous
B. Restricted distribution of Rudist Bivalves (R) Sphenodiscid
Ammonoids (S) to the Equitorial seaway (Gordon, 1973)
A FEW REVEALING FACTS
 Although there are large variations in reserve estimates, giant
fields contain at least 65% of the world's proven reserves
clustered
in 27 regions of the Earth's land surface.

 Of all giant reserves, three-quarters are found in the Middle East,

Latin America and Asia-Pacific; OPEC countries account for just
over half; while OECD countries comprise only 15% of combined
giant field reserves.
 Overall, the discovery rate of giant oil fields has decreased
globally since the late 1960s, indicating that the Hubbert cycle of
oil resource is in a mature phase. However, discovery of giant gas
fields has continued to increase during the 1970-2000 period.

 Of the 37 oil giants and 40 gas giants discovered in the 1990-2000

period, 15 were in deep water.

 Greater numbers of giant fields are being discovered as a result

of their stratigraphic emplacement, as opposed to a strictly
structural-trap environment.

 The major hydrocarbon reserves reside in Mesozoic and Tertiary

rocks