BINARY ALLOY SYSTEM

GRAIN GROWTH




A liquid when cooled solidifies
Once nucleation has occurred, solidification
proceeds by the movement of an interface
A dendrite tends to branch because the interface
instability applies at all points along its growth
front
The branching gives it a tree-like character which
is the orgin of the term dendrite.
the solid is growing without contact with
anything but the liquid
The degree of undercooling of the liquid in front
of the interface is indicated by the adjacent scale.

Growth tends to occur along fast growth
directions which are generally <100> @ 90
0

for cubic metals.
development of the secondary dendrite arms
The later stages also show the coalescence of
the dedrite arms (both primary and
secondary).
Formation of grain growth


Metal
A metal is a chemical element that is a good
conductor of both electricity and heat and
forms cations and ionic bonds with non-
metals.
Pure metal is A metal that does not
intentionally contain any other material
Alloy
An alloy is a homogenous mixture or metallic
solid solution composed of two or more
elements.
Alloying a metal is done by combining it with
one or more other metals or non-metals that
often enhances its properties
Alloys are often made in order to alter the
mechanical properties of the base metal, to
induce hardness, toughness, ductility
Solid Solution
A solid solution is a solid-state solution of one
or more solutes in a solvent
the crystal structure of the solvent remains
unchanged by addition of the solutes, and
when the mixture remains in a single
homogeneous phase.
happens when the two elements (generally
metals) involved are close together on the
periodic table;
The solute may incorporate into the solvent
crystal lattice substitutionally, by replacing a
solvent particle in the lattice, or interstitially,
by fitting into the space between solvent
particles.

SUBSTITUTION SOLID SOLUTION
INTERSTITIAL SOLID SOLUTION
Both of these types of solid solution affect
the properties of the material by distorting
the crystal lattice and disrupting the
physical and electrical homogeneity of the
solvent material
Solidification of metal

Solidification of metal
A pure metal solidifies at one fixed temperature
A cooling curve may be obtained by melting a
small amount of a metal
At temperatures above and below line "ab" the
curve falls smoothly without "kinks".
When the solidification temperature is reached,
the temperature remains CONSTANT for some
time thus giving rise to the step "ab" in the curve.


Down to "a" the temperature of the liquid
drops in a regular manner as heat is being lost
to the surroundings at a nearly constant rate
The step "ab" is due to latent heat
This leads to zero change in temperature until
the last drop of liquid has solidified
After no more latent heat is available the solid
continues to cool in a regular manner giving
the smooth curve "bc".

Binary equilibrium phase diagram
a Phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic
system), throughout which all physical
properties of a material are essentially
uniform.
a region of material that is chemically uniform,
physically distinct, and (often) mechanically
separable
A Phase diagram is a type of chart used to
show conditions at which thermodynamically
distinct phases can occur at equilibrium
Phase transitions occur along lines of
equilibrium.

Liquidus is a lines of equilibrium or phase
boundaries, which refer to lines that mark
conditions under which multiple phases can
coexist at equilibrium.
Composition is the percentage content of
certain ingredients or accidentally put in a
substance
also are convenient groupings (ratios) of
chemical elements