1

Transmission Lines and Waveguides

Waveguide and other transmission lines for the low-
loss transmission of microwave power.
Early microwave systems relied on waveguide and
coaxial lines for transmission line media.
Waveguide: high power-handling capability, low loss,
but bulky and expensive
Coaxial line: high bandwidth, convenient for test
applications, difficult medium in which to fabricate
complex microwave components.
Planar transmission lines: stripline, microstrip,
slotline, coplanar waveguide compact, low cost,
easily integrated with active devices
2
3.1 General Solutions for TEM, TE and TM waves
General solutions to Maxwells equations for the
specific cases of TEM, TE and TM wave propagation
in cylindrical transmission lines or waveguides.
Uniform in z direction and infinitely long

Figure 3.1 (p. 92)
(a) General two-conductor transmission line and (b) closed waveguide.
3
Assume e
jt
dependence


where e(x,y) and h(x,y): transverse (x,y) E & H field
components, e
z
and h
z
: longitudinal E & H field
components.
Assume source free,
( , , ) [ ( , ) ( , )]
( , , ) [ ( , ) ( , )]
j z
z
j z
z
E x y z e x y ze x y e
H x y z h x y zh x y e
|
|

= +
= +
E j H
H j E
e
ec
V =
V =
4
,
,
z
y x
z
x y
y
x
z
E
j E j H
y
E
j E j H
x
E
E
j H
x y
| e
| e
e
c
+ =
c
c
=
c
c
c
=
c c
,
,
z
y x
z
x y
y
x
z
H
j H j E
y
H
j H j E
x
H
H
j E
x y
| ec
| ec
ec
c
+ =
c
c
=
c
c
c
=
c c
2
2
z z
x
c
z z
y
c
j E H
H
k y x
j E H
H
k x y
ec |
ec |
| | c c
=
|
c c
\ .
| | c c
= +
|
c c
\ .
2
2
z z
x
c
z z
y
c
j E H
E
k x y
j E H
E
k y x
| e
| e
| | c c
= +
|
c c
\ .
| | c c
= +
|
c c
\ .
2 2 2
c
k k | =
5
where k
c
: cutoff wavenumber,
: the wavenumber of the material
filling with the transmission line or waveguide region.
TEM Waves
TEM waves are characterized by E
z
= H
z
= 0.
From (3.3a) and (3.4b)

the cutoff wavenumber k
c
= 0 for TEM waves.
Helmholtz equation for E
x
from (1.42)
2 / k e c t = =
2 2
y y
E E k | e c | e c = = =
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
0
x
k E
x y z
| |
c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c
\ .
6
For e
-jz
dependence,



Similar result also applies to E
y
( )

Transverse fields e(x,y) of a TEM wave satisfy
Laplaces equation.
Similarly,
In the electrostatic case, E field can be expressed as
2
2 2
2
x x x
E E k E
z
|
c
= =
c
2 2
2 2
0
x
E
x y
| |
c c
+ =
|
c c
\ .
2
( , ) 0
t
e x y V =
2 2 2 2 2
/ /
t
x y V = c c + c c
2
( , ) 0
t
h x y V =

( , ) ( , )( ( / ) ( / )
t t
e x y x y x x y y = V u V = c c + c c
7
In order for (3.13) to be valid, the curl of e must
vanish:


The voltage between 2 conductors and current flow
on a conductor:


TEM waves can exist when 2 or more conductors are
present. (ex: Plane waves)
0
t z
e j h z e V = =
2
0 0 ( , ) 0
t t
D e x y c V = V = V u =
2
12 1 2
1
,
C
V E dl I H dl = u u = =
} }
8
The wave impedance of a TEM mode
x
TEM
y
E
Z
H
e
q
| c
= = = =
y
TEM
x
E
Z
H
e
q
| c

= = = =
1
( , ) ( , )
TEM
h x y z e x y
Z
=
9
The procedure for analyzing a TEM line:
Solve Laplace equation, (3.14) for (x,y)
Find these constants by applying the B.C. for the known
voltages on the conductors
Compute e and E form (3.13) & (3.1a). Compute h and H
from (3.18) and (3.1b).
Compute V from (3.15), I from (3.16).
The propagation constant is given by (3.8), Z
0
is given by
Z
0
= V/I.
10
TE Waves
Characterized by E
z
= 0, H
z
0.




In this case, k
c
0, and the propagation constant
is generally a function of frequency
and the geometry of the line or guide.

2
2
z
x
c
z
y
c
j H
H
k x
j H
H
k y
|
|
c
=
c
c
=
c
2
2
z
x
c
z
y
c
j H
E
k y
j H
E
k x
e
e
c
=
c
c
=
c
2 2
c
k k | =
11
The Helmholtz equation


Since H
z
(x,y,z) = h
z
(x,y)e
-jz
, and k
c
2
= k
2

2



TE wave impedance can be
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
0
z
k H
x y z
| |
c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c
\ .
2 2
2
2 2
0
c z
k h
x y
| |
c c
+ + =
|
c c
\ .
y
x
TE
y x
E
E k
Z
H H
e q
| |

= = = =
12
TM Waves
Characterized by H
z
= 0, E
z
0.

2
2
z
x
c
z
y
c
j E
H
k y
j E
H
k x
ec
ec
c
=
c
c
=
c
2
2
z
x
c
z
y
c
j E
E
k x
j E
E
k x
|
|
c
=
c
c
=
c
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
0
z
k E
x y z
| |
c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c
\ .
2 2
2
2 2
0
c z
k e
x y
| |
c c
+ + =
|
c c
\ .
y
x
TM
y x
E
E
Z
H H k
| |q
ec

= = = =
13
The procedure for analyzing TE and TM
waveguides
1. Solve the reduced Helmholtz equation, (3.21) or
(3.25) for h
z
or e
z
. The solution will contain several
unknown constants, and the unknown cutoff
wavenumber, k
c
.
2. Use (3.19) or (3.23) to find the transverse fields
from h
z
or e
z
.
3. Apply the B.C. to the appropriate field components
to find the unknown constants and k
c
.
4. The propagation constant is given by (3.6) and the
wave impedance by (3.22) or (3.26).
14
Attenuation due to Dielectric Loss
Using the complex dielectric constant



In practice, most dielectric materials have a very
small loss (tan <<1). Using the Taylor expansion,
for x << a
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
0 0
(1 tan )
c
d c c r
k k
j k k k j

o | e c c o
+ =
= + = =
1/ 2
2 2
2
2 2
1 1
1 1
2 2
x x x
a x a a a
a a a
| | | |
| | | |
+ = + + = +
| |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
15
(3.27) reduces to






For TE or TM wave

For TEM line, k
c
= 0, k =
2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
2
tan
tan
2
tan
2
c c
c
jk
k k jk k k
k k
k
j
o
o
o
|
|
= + +

= +
2
tan
2
d
k o
o
|
=
tan
2
d
k o
o =
16
3.2 Parallel Plate Waveguide
Figure 3.2 (p. 98)
Geometry of a parallel plate waveguide.
17
The simplest type of guide that can support TM and
TE modes; can also support a TEM mode.
TEM Modes
TEM mode solution can be obtained by solving
Laplaces equation.

Assume
Since there is no variation in x,

The transverse E-field from (3.13),
2
( , ) 0 for 0 , 0
t
x y x W y d V u = s s s s
0
( , 0) 0, ( , ) x x d V u = u =
( , ) x y A By u = +
0
( , ) / x y V y d u =
0

( , ) ( , ) /
t
e x y x y yV d = V u =
0

( , , ) ( , )
jkz jkz
V
E x y z e x y e y e
d

= =
18
0
1
( , , ) ( , , )
jkz
V
H x y z z E x y z x e
d q q

= =
The voltage of the top plate with respect to the bottom plate
0
0
d
jkz
y
y
V E dy V e

=
= =
}
The total current on the top plate
0
0 0 0
( )
w w w
jkz
s x
x x x
wV
I J zdx y H zdx H dx e
d q

= = =
= = = =
} } }
0
V d
Z
I w
q
= =
1
p
v
e
|
c
= =
19
TM Modes
H
z
= 0, E
z
satisfies (3.25) with




B.C.
/ 0 x c c =
2
2
2
( , ) 0
c z
k e x y
y
| |
c
+ =
|
c
\ .
( , ) sin cos
z c c
e x y A k y B k y = +
( , ) 0 at 0,
z
e x y y d = =
0 and
c
B k d nt = =
2 2 2 2
( / )
c
k k k n d | t = =
( , ) sin , ( , , ) sin
j z
z n z n
n y n y
e x y A E x y z A e
d d
|
t t

= =
20
cos , cos ,
0
j z j z
x n y n
c c
x y
j n y j n y
H A e E A e
k d k d
E H
| |
ec t | t

= =
= =
TM
0
mode = TEM mode
The cutoff frequency f
c

2 2
c
c
k n
f
d t c c
= =
TM
1
mode is the lowest TM mode with a cutoff frequency
1
2
c
f
d c
=
21
At frequencies below the cutoff frequency of a given
mode, the propagation constant is purely imaginary,
corresponding to a rapid exponential decay of the
fields. cutoff or evanescent modes.
TM
n
mode propagation is analogous to a high-pass
filter response.
The wave impedance


pure real for f > f
c
, pure imaginary for f < f
c
.
The guide wavelength is defined
the distance between equiphase
planes along the z-axis.
y
TM
x
E
Z
H k
| |q
ec

= = =
2
g
t

|
=
22

g
> = 2/k, the wavelength of a plane wave in the
material.
The phase velocity and guide wavelength are defined
only for a propagation mode, for which is real.
A cutoff wavelength for the TM
n
mode may be
defined as

Poynting vector
2
c
d
n
=
0 0 0 0
2 2
2
0
1 1
Re Re
2 2
Re( )
| | cos
2
w d w d
o y x
x y x y
d
n
y
c
P E H zdydx E H dydx
w n y
A dy
k d
| ec t
-
= = = =
=
= =
=
} } } }
}
23
2
2
2
2
Re( )
| | for 0
4
Re( )
| | for 0
2
n
c
n
c
w d
A n
k
w d
A n
k
| ec
| ec

>

Consider the dominant TM

1
mode, which has a propagation
constant,
( )
{ }
1 1
2
2
1
[ / ] [ / ]
1
1
/ ,
sin
2
j y d z j y d z j z
z
k d
y A
E A e e e
d j
t | t | |
| t
t

=
= =
2 plane waves traveling obliquely in the y, +z and +y, +z
directions.
24
Figure 3.3 (p. 102)
Bouncing plane wave interpretation of the TM
1
parallel plate
waveguide mode.
1
sin , cos k k
d
t
u u | = =
2
2 2
1
k
d
t
|
| |
+ =
|
\ .
f f
c
:
1
0: 2 plane waves up and down, no real power
flow.
25
Conductor loss can be treated using the perturbation
method.

where P
o
: the power flow down the guide in the
absence of conductor loss given by (3.54), P
l
: the
power dissipated per unit length in the 2 lossy
conductors
2
l
c
o
P
P
o =
2 2
2
2
2
0
2 | | | |
2
2 2
for 0
for 0
w
s s
l s n
x
c
s s
c
s
R R w
P J dx A
k
R kR
n
d d
R
n
d
e c
ec
o
| |q
q
=
| |
= =
|
\ .
= = >
= =
}
26
TE Modes
E
z
= 0, H
z
satisfies (3.21) with




B.C.
/ 0 x c c =
2
2
2
( , ) 0
c z
k h x y
y
| |
c
+ =
|
c
\ .
( , ) sin cos
z c c
h x y A k y B k y = +
( , ) 0 at 0,
x
e x y y d = =
0 and
c
A k d nt = =
( , , ) [ cos sin ] ,
( , ) cos
j z
x c c
c
j z
z n
j
E x y z A k y B k y e
k
n y
H x y B e
d
|
|
e
t

=
=
27
sin , sin ,
0
j z j z
x n y n
c c
y x
j n y j n y
E B e H B e
k d k d
E H
| |
e t | t

= =
= =
The cutoff frequency f
c

2 2
c
c
k n
f
d t c c
= =
x
TE
y
E
Z
H k
e |
| q
= = =
The wave impedance
28
0 0 0 0
2
2
1 1
Re Re
2 2
Re( )
| | for 0
4
w d w d
o x y
x y x y
n
c
P E H zdydx E H dydx
w
B n
k
| e
- -
= = = =
= =
= >
} } } }
If n = 0, E
x
= H
y
= 0, P
0
= 0 no TE
0
mode.
2 2
2 2
c s c s
c
k R k R
d k d
o
e| |q
= =
29
Figure 3.4 (p.
105)
Attenuation due to
conductor loss for
the TEM, TM, and
TE
1
modes of a
parallel plate
waveguide.
30
Figure 3.5 (p. 106)
Field lines for the (a) TEM, (b) TM1, and (c) TE
1
modes of a
parallel plate waveguide. There is no variation across the
width of the waveguide.
31
3.3 Rectangular Waveguide
TE Modes
E
z
= 0
H
z
must satisfy the reduced wave equation (3.21)



Can be solved by separation of variables
2 2
2
2 2
( , ) 0
c z
k h x y
x y
| |
c c
+ + =
|
c c
\ .
( , ) ( ) ( )
z
h x y X x Y y =
2 2
2
2 2
1 1
0
c
d X d Y
k
X dx Y dy
+ + =
32
Figure 3.6 (p. 107)
Photograph of Ka-band (WR-28) rectangular waveguide
components. Clockwise from top: a variable attenuator, and E-
H (magic) tee junction, a directional coupler, an adaptor to
ridge waveguide, an E-plane swept bend, an adjustable short,
and a sliding matched load. Courtesy of Agilent Technologies, Santa Rosa, CA
33
Figure 3.7 (p. 107)
Geometry of a rectangular waveguide.
34
We define separation constant k
x
and k
y





Boundary conditions


Using (3.19c) and (3.19d)
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2
0, 0,
x y x y c
d X d Y
k X k Y k k k
dx dy
+ = + = + =
( , ) ( cos sin )( cos sin )
z x x y y
h x y A k x B k x C k y B k y = + +
( , ) 0 at 0,
( , ) 0 at 0,
x
y
e x y y b
e x y x a
= =
= =
2
2
( cos sin )( sin cos )
( sin cos )( cos sin )
x y x x y y
c
y x x x y y
c
j
e k A k x B k x C k y D k y
k
j
e k A k x B k x C k y D k y
k
e
e

= + +

= + +
35
From B.C , D = 0, and k
y
= n/b, B = 0 , and k
x
=
m/a


The transverse field components of TE
mn
mode
( , , ) cos cos
j z
z mn
m x n y
H x y z A e
a b
|
t t

=
2
2
2
2
cos sin ,
sin cos ,
sin cos ,
cos sin .
j z
x mn
c
j z
y mn
c
j z
x mn
c
j z
y mn
c
j n m x n y
E A e
k b a b
j m m x n y
E A e
k a a b
j m m x n y
H A e
k a a b
j n m x n y
H A e
k b a b
|
|
|
|
e t t t
e t t t
| t t t
| t t t

=
=
=
36
2 2
2 2 2
c
m n
k k k
a b
t t
|
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
c
m n
k k
a b
t t
| | | |
> = +
| |
\ . \ .
is real when
2 2
1
2 2
c
cmn
k m n
f
a b
t t
t c t c
| | | |
= = +
| |
\ . \ .
The mode with the lowest cutoff frequency is called the
dominant mode;
10
1
2
c
f
a c
=
37
For f < f
c
, all field components will decay
exponentially cutoff or evanescent modes
If more than one mode is propagating, the waveguide
is overmoded.
The wave impedance


The guide wavelength (: the wavelength of a plane
wave in the filling medium)
y
x
TE
y x
E
E k
Z
H H
q
|

= = =
2 2
g
k
t t

|
= > = 1/
p
v
k
e e
c
|
= > =
38
For the TE
10
mode
10
10
10
cos ,
sin ,
sin ,
0.
j z
z
j z
y
j z
x
x z y
x
H A e
a
j a x
E A e
a
j a x
H A e
a
E E H
|
|
|
t
e t
t
| t
t

=
=
= = =
2 2
/ , ( / )
c
k a k a t | t = =
39
The power flow down the guide for the TE
10
mode:






Attenuation can occur because of dielectric loss or
conductor loss.
0 0 0 0
2 2
2
10
2
0 0
3 2
10
2
1 1
Re Re
2 2
Re( ) | |
sin
2
Re( ) | |
4
a b a b
o y x
x y x y
a b
x y
P E H zdydx E H dydx
a A x
dydx
a
a b A
e | t
t
e |
t
- -
= = = =
= =
= =
=
=
} } } }
} }
2
| |
2
s
l s
C
R
P J dl =
}
40
There are surface currents on all 4 walls.
The surface current on the x = 0 wall is

The surface current on the y = 0 wall is
10
0 0
0

j z
s z z
x x
x
J n H x z H y H yA e
|
= =
=
= = = =
( )
0 0
0
10 10

sin cos
s x z
y y
y
j z j z
J n H y x H z H
j a x x
z A e xA e
a a
| |
| t t
t
= =
=

= = +
= +
2 2 2
0 0
2 3
2
10
2
| | | | | |
2 2
b a
l s sy s sx sz
y x
s
P R J dy R J J dx
a a
R A b
|
t
= =
(
= + +

| |
= + +
|
\ .
} }
41
The attenuation due to conductor loss for TE
10
mode
2 2 3
3 2
10
2 3 2
3
2
2 2 2
(2 ) /
l s
c
s
P R a a
b
P a b
R
b a k Np m
a b k
t |
o
e | t
t
| q
| |
= = + +
|
\ .
= +
42
TM Modes
H
z
= 0




BC: e
z
(x,y) = 0 @ x = 0, a and y = 0, b
2 2
2
2 2
( , ) 0
c z
k e x y
x y
| |
c c
+ + =
|
c c
\ .
( , ) ( cos sin )( cos sin )
z x x y y
e x y A k x B k x C k y D k y = + +
0, /
0, /
x
y
A k m a
C k n b
t
t
= =
= =
( , , ) sin sin
j z
z mn
m x n y
E x y z B e
a b
|
t t

=
43
2
2
2
2
cos sin ,
sin cos ,
sin cos ,
cos sin
j z
x mn
c
j z
y mn
c
j z
x mn
c
j z
x mn
c
j m m x n y
E B e
ak a b
j n m x n y
E B e
bk a b
j n m x n y
H B e
bk a b
j m m x n y
H B e
ak a b
|
|
|
|
| t t t
| t t t
ec t t t
ec t t t

=
=

=
2 2
2 2 2
c
m n
k k k
a b
t t
|
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
2 2
11
1
,
2
y
x
c TM
y x
E
E
f Z
a b H H k
t t |q
t c

| | | |
= + = = =
| |
\ . \ .
44
Figure 3.8 (p. 112)
Attenuation of various modes in a rectangular brass
waveguide with a = 2.0 cm.
45
Figure 3.9 (p. 114)
Field lines for some of the lower order modes of a rectangular
waveguide. Reprinted from Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics, Ramo et al,
Wiley, 1965)
46
Ex 3.1
a = 1.07 cm, b = 0.43 cm, f = 15 GHz
Solution: for Teflon
r
= 2.08, tan = 0.0004



2 2
2
cmn
r
c m n
f
a b
t t
t c
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
Mode m n f
c
(GHz)
TE 1 0 9.72
TE 2 0 19.44
TE 0 1 24.19
TE, TM 1 1 26.07
TE, TM 2 1 31.03
47
At 15 GHz
2
2
2
0
2 3 2
3
345.1
tan
0.119 / 1.03 /
2
0.032
2
(2 ) 0.050 / 0.434 /
d
s
s
c
k
a
k
np m dB m
R
R
b a k np m dB m
a b k
t
|
o
o
|
e
o
o t
| q
| |
= =
|
\ .
= = =
= =
= + = =
48
Figure 3.10 (p. 115)
Geometry of a partially loaded rectangular waveguide.
49
Figure on page 117
Reference: Montgomery, et al., Principles of Microwave Circuits, McGraw-Hill, 1948)
50
3.4 Circular Waveguide
Figure 3.11 (p. 117)
Geometry of a circular
waveguide.
51
2 2
2 2
,
,
z z z z
c c
z z z z
c c
j E H j E H
E E
k k
j E H j E H
H H
k k
|
|
e |
| e
| |
ec |
| ec
| |
| | | | c c c c
= + =
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .
| | | | c c c c
= = +
| |
c c c c
\ . \ .
TE Modes
E
z
= 0
2 2
0
z z
H k H V + =
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1
( , ) 0
c z
k h |
|
| |
c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c
\ .
( , ) ( ) ( )
z
h R P | | =
52
2 2
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1 1
0,
1
c
c
d R dR d P
k
R d R d P d
d R dR d P
k
R d R d P d
|


|
+ + + =
+ + =
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
0
d P d P
k k P
P d d
| |
| |
= + =
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
0
c
d R dR
k k R
d d
|


+ + =
The general solution is
( ) sin cos P A k B k
| |
| | | = +
53
Since






BC: Since E
z
= 0,
( , ) ( , 2 )
z z
h h n | | t =
( ) sin cos P A n B n | | | = +
( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
0
c
d R dR
k n R
d d


+ + =
( ) ( ) ( )
n c n c
R CJ k DY k = + But, D = 0
( )
( , ) sin cos ( )
z n c
h A n B n J k | | | = +
( , ) 0 at E a
|
| = =
( )
( , , ) sin cos ( )
j z
n c
c
j
E z A n B n J k e
k
|
|
e
| | |

'
= +
54
( ) 0
n c
J k a
'
=
If the roots of J
n
' (x) are defined as p'
nm
, so that
J
n
'(p'
nm
) = 0, where p'
nm
is the mth root of J
n
', then k
c

must have the value.


See Table 3.3
The Te
mn
modes are defined by the cutoff
wavenumber, k
cmn
= p'
nm
/a, where n refers to the
number of circumferential () variations, and m refers
to the number of radial () variations.

nm
c
p
k
a
'
=
55
2
2 2 2
,
2 2
nm c nm
nm c cnm
p k p
k k k f
a
a
|
t c t c
' '
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
TE
11
mode: dominant mode
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
cos sin ( )
sin cos ( )
sin cos ( )
cos sin ( )
j z
n c
c
j z
n c
c
j z
n c
c
j z
n c
c
j n
E A n B n J k e
k
j
E A n B n J k e
k
j
H A n B n J k e
k
j n
H A n B n J k e
k
|

|
|
|

|
|
e
| |

e
| |
|
| |
|
| |

=
'
= +

'
= +

=
56
The wave impedance
TE
E E
k
Z
H H
|
|
q
|

= = =
Because of the azimuthal symmetry of the circular waveguide,
both sin n and cos n are terms are valid solutions, and can be
present in a specific problem to any degree.
The actual amplitudes of these terms will be dependent on the
excitation of the waveguide.
Consider the dominant TE
11
mode with an excitation such that B
= 0.
57
1
1 1
2
1 1
2
sin ( ) , 0
cos ( ) , sin ( )
sin ( ) , cos ( )
j z
z c z
j z j z
c c
c c
j z j z
c c
c c
H A J k e E
j n j
E A J k e E A n J k e
k k
j j n
H A J k e H A n J k e
k k
|
| |
|
| |
|
|
e e
| |

| |
| |

= =

'
= =

'
= =
The power flow down the guide
58
2
0 0
2
0 0
2
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1
4 2
0 0
2
2 2 2
1 1
4 2
0
1
Re
2
1
Re [ ]
2
| | Re( ) 1
cos ( ) sin ( )
2
| | Re( ) 1
( ) ( )
2
| |
a
o
a
a
c c c
c
a
c c c
c
P E H z d d
E H E H dydx d d
A
J k k J k d d
k
A
J k k J k d
k
A
t
|
t
| |
|
t
|

|
|
e |
| | |

e |

e
-
= =
- -
= =
= =
=
=
=
(
'
= +
(

(
'
= +
(

=
} }
} }
} }
}
2
2 2
11 1
4
Re( )
( 1) ( )
4
c
c
p J k a
k
|
'

59
2
2
0
2
2 2
0
2 2
2
2 2 2
1
4 2
0
2 2
2
1
4 2
| |
2
| | | |
2
| |
cos sin ( )
2
| |
1 ( )
2
s
l s
s
z
s
c
c
s
c
c
R
P J ad
R
H H ad
A R
J k a ad
k a
A R a
J k a
k a
t
|
t
|
|
t
|
|
|
|
| | |
|
=
=
=
=
(
= +

(
= +
(

| |
= +
|
\ .
}
}
}
4 2 2 2
2
2 2
11 11
( )
( )
2 ( 1) 1
l s c s
c c
o
P R k a R k
k
P k a p k a p
|
o
q | q |
+
= = = +
' '

60
TM Modes
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1
( , ) 0
c z
k e |
|
| |
c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c
\ .
( )
( , ) sin cos ( )
z n c
e A n B n J k | | | = +
( , ) 0 at
z
E a | = =
( ) 0
n c
J k a =
nm
c
p
k
a
=
2
2 2 2
,
2 2
nm c nm
nm c cnm
p k p
k k k f
a
a
|
t c t c
| |
= = = =
|
\ .
61
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
sin cos ( )
cos sin ( )
cos sin ( )
sin cos ( )
j z
n c
c
j z
n c
c
j z
n c
c
j z
n c
c
j
E A n B n J k e
k
j n
E A n B n J k e
k
j n
H A n B n J k e
k
j
H A n B n J k e
k
|

|
|
|

|
|
|
| |
|
| |

ec
| |

ec
| |

'
= +

=
=

'
= +
TM
E E
Z
H H k
|
|
|q

= = =
62
Figure 3.12 (p. 123)
Attenuation of various modes in a circular copper waveguide
with a = 2.54 cm.
63
Figure 3.13 (p. 123)
Cutoff frequencies of the first few TE and TM modes of a
circular waveguide, relative to the cutoff frequency of the
dominant TE
11
mode.
Ex 3.2
64
Figure 3.14 (p. 125)
Field lines for some of the lower order modes of a circular
waveguide.
Reprinted from Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics, Ramo et al, Wiley, 1965)
65
3.5 Coaxial Line
TEM Mode


Boundary conditions
2
2 2
1 ( , ) 1 ( , )
0
| |

|
| | c cu c u
+ =
|
c c c
\ .
2
( , ) 0 | V u =
0
( , ) , ( , ) 0 a V b | | u = u =
( , ) ( ) ( ) R P | | u =
2
2
1
0
d dR d P
R d d P d

|
| |
+ =
|
\ .
2
2 2 2 2
2
1
, , 0
d dR d P
k k k k
R d d P d
| |

|
| |
= = + =
|
\ .
66
Figure 3.15 (p. 126)
Coaxial line geometry.
67
The general solution to (3.148)

Since the boundary conditions do not vary with , the
potential should not vary with . n = 0 k

= 0.
( ) cos sin P A n B n | | | = +
0
d dR
d d

| |
=
|
\ .
( ) ln ( , ) ln R C D C D | = + u = +
0
( , ) ln
( , ) 0 ln
a V C a D
b C b D
|
|
u = = +
u = = +
0
ln /
( , )
ln /
V b
b a

| u =
68
Higher Order Modes
The coaxial line also support TE & TM waveguide
modes in addition to a TEM mode.
In practice, these modes are usually cutoff (evanescent),
only a reactive effect near discontinuities or sources,
where they are excited.
For TE modes, E
z
= 0, and


The general solution (from Sec. 3.4),


2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1
( , ) 0
c z
k h |
|
| |
c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c
\ .
( , ) ( sin cos )( ( ) ( ))
z n c n c
h A n B n CJ k DY k | | | = + +
69
Boundary conditions:







Nontrivial solution for C & D

Characteristic equation for k
c

( , , ) 0 for , E z a b
|
| = =
( )( )
sin cos ( ) ( )
z z
c
j z
n c n c
c
j E H
E
k
j
A n B n CJ k DY k e
k
|
|
|
e
|
e
| |

| | c c
=
|
c c
\ .
' '
= + +
( ) ( ) 0
( ) ( ) 0
n c n c
n c n c
CJ k a DY k a
CJ k b DY k b
' '
+ =
' '
+ =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n c n c n c n c
J k a Y k b J k b Y k a
' ' ' '
=
70
Figure 3.16 (p. 129)
Normalized cutoff frequency of the dominant TE
11
waveguide
mode for a coaxial line.
71
Figure 3.17 (p. 129)
Field lines for the (a) TEM and (b) TE11 modes of a coaxial
line.
72
Ex 3.3
a = 0.035, b = 0.116,
r
= 2.2. What is the highest
usable frequency, before the TE
11
waveguide mode
starts to propagate?
73
Photograph on Page 134.
74
Figure 3.18 (p. 131)
Geometry of a grounded dielectric slab.
75
Figure 3.19 (p. 133)
Graphical solution of the transcendental equation for the
cutoff frequency of a TM surface wave mode of the grounded
dielectric slab.
76
Figure 3.20 (p. 135)
Graphical solution of the transcendental equation for the
cutoff frequency of a TE surface wave mode. Figure depicts a
mode below cutoff.
77
Figure 3.21 (p. 136)
Surface wave propagation constants for a grounded dielectric
slab with
r
= 2.55.
78
Figure on page 137
Reference: R.W. Hornbeck, Numerical Methods, Quantum Publishers, 1975
79
3.7 Stripline
A planar-type of transmission line that lends itself
well to microwave integrated circuitry and
photolithographic fabrication.
Since stripline has 2 conductors and a homogeneous
dielectric, it can support a TEM wave.
The stripline can also support higher order TM and
TE modes, but these are usually avoided in practice.
80
Figure 3.22 (p. 137)
Stripline transmission line. (a) Geometry. (b) Electric and
magnetic field lines.
81
Figure 3.23 (p. 138)
Photograph of a stripline circuit assembly, showing four
quadrature hybrids, open-circuit tuning stubs, and coaxial
transitions. Courtesy of Harlan Howe, Jr. M/A-COM Inc.
82
Formulas for Propagation Constant, Characteristic
Impedance and Attenuation
The phase velocity of a TEM mode:

The propagation constant of the stripline is


The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is


Laplaces equation can be solved by conformal
mapping to find the capacitance per unit length of the
stripline. complicated special function
0 0
1/ /
p r r
v c c c c = =
0 0 0 r r
p
k
v
e
| e c c c = = =
0
1
p
L LC
Z
C C v C
= = =
83
For practical computations simple formulas have
been developed by curve fitting to the exact solution.


where W
e
is the effective width of the center
conductor

Given the characteristic impedance, the strip width is


where
0
30
0.441
e
r
b
Z
W b
t
c
=
+
2
0 for / 0.35

(0.35 / ) for / 0.35
e
W b
W W
W b W b b b
>

<

r 0
r 0
for 120

0.85 0.6 for 120
x Z
W
b
x Z
c
c

>

=

<

0
30
0.441
r
x
Z
t
c
=
84
The attenuation due to the dielectric loss is the same
as (3.30).
The attenuation due to the conductor loss



with



Ex 3.5
-3
0
r 0
r 0
0
2.7 10
for 120
30 ( )

0.16
for 120
s r
c
s
R Z
A Z
b t
R
B Z
Z b
c
c
t
o
c

>

<

2 1 2
1 ln
0.414 1 4
1 0.5 ln
(0.5 0.7 ) 2
W b t b t
A
b t b t t
b t W
B
W t W t
t
t
t
+
| |
= + +
|

\ .
| |
= + + +
|
+
\ .
85
Figure 3.24 (p. 141)
Geometry of enclosed stripline.
Modified the geometry truncating the plates beyond
some distance and placing metal walls on the sides.
An Approximate Electrostatic Solution
86
3.8 Microstrip
Microstrip line is one of the most popular types of
transmission lines, primarily because it can be
fabricated by photolithographic process and is easily
integrated with other passive and active microwave
devices.
Microstrip line cannot support a pure TEM wave.
In most practical applications, the dielectric substrate
is electrically very thin (d<<), and so the fields are
quasi-TEM.
0
, , 1
p e e r
e
c
v k | c c c
c
= = < <
87
Figure 3.25 (p. 143)
Microstrip transmission line. (a) Geometry. (b) Electric and
magnetic field lines.
88
Figure 3.26 (p. 145)
Equivalent geometry of quasi-TEM microstrip line, where the
dielectric slab of thickness I and relative permittivity
r
has
been replaced with a homogeneous medium of effective relative
permittivity,
e
.
89
Formulas for Propagation Constant, Characteristic
Impedance and Attenuation
The effective dielectric constant of a microstrip line:


The characteristic impedance of a microstrip line is


1 1 1
2 2
1 12 /
r r
e
d W
c c
c
+
= +
+
| |
0
60 8
ln for / 1
4
120
for / 1
/ 1.393 0.667ln( / 1.444)
e
e
d W
W d
W d
Z
W d
W d W d
c
t
c

| |
+ s
|
\ .

>

+ + +

90
Given Z
0
, and
r
, the strip width is




where


The attenuation due to dielectric loss
2
8
for / 2
2

2 1 0.61
1 ln(2 1) ln( 1) 0.39 for / 2
2
A
A
r
r r
e
W d
e
W
d
B B B W d
c
t c c

<

=

(

+ + <
` (

0
0
1 1 0.11
0.23
60 2 1
377
2
r r
r r
r
Z
A
B
Z
c c
c c
t
c
| |
+
= + +
|
+
\ .
=
0
( 1) tan
2 ( 1)
r e
d
e r
k c c o
o
c c

91
The attenuation due to the conductor loss
where is the surface resistivity of
the conductor.
Ex 3.7
0

s
c
R
Z W
o =
0
/ 2
s
R e o =
92
Figure 3.27 (p. 146)
Geometry of a microstrip line with conducting sidewalls.
An Approximate Electrostatic Solution
93
The potential (x,y) satisfying Laplaces equation:

with BC
Since there are 2 regions defined by air/dielectric
interface, with a charge discontinuity on the strip, we
will have separate (x,y).
( , ) 0 for / 2, 0
t
x y x a y Vu = s s s
( , ) 0 at / 2, 0, x y x a y u = = =
2 2
2 2
2 2
( , ) ( ) ( ) 0
0 ,
( , ) ( cos sin )( cosh sinh )
x x
x x x x
x y X x Y y
x y
X Y X Y
k k
X Y X Y
x y A k x B k x C k y B k y
| | c c
u = + u =
|
c c
\ .
'' '' '' ''
+ = = =
u = + +
94
Applying BC & even function on x & y,






must be continuous at y = d
0, 0, cos 0
2
x
x
k a n
B C A k
a
t
= = = =
1, ;
/
1, ;
cos sinh for 0
( , )
cos for
n
n n odd
n y a
n
n n odd
n x n y
A y d
a a
x y
n x
B e d y
a
t
t t
t

s s

u =

s s

/
sinh
n d a
n n
n d
A B e
a
t
t

=
95
1, ;
( ) /
1, ;
cos sinh for 0
( , )
cos sinh for
n
n n odd
n y d a
n
n n odd
n x n y
A y d
a a
x y
n x n d
A e d y
a a
t
t t
t t

s s

u =

s s

1, ;
( ) /
1, ;
cos cosh for 0
cos sinh for d
n
n n odd
y
n y d a
n
n n odd
n n x n y
A y d
a a a
E
y
n n x n d
A e y
a a a
t
t t t
t t t

| |
s s
|
\ . cu
= =

c
| |

s s
|

\ .

96
The surface current density at y = d,




By a good guess,

Taking the orthogonalization for both sides of
s
,
0 0
0
1, ;
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
cos sinh cosh
s y y
y r y
n r
n n odd
D x y d D x y d
E x y d E x y d
n n x n d n d
A
a a a a

c c c
t t t t
c c
+
+

=
= = =
= = =
| | (
= +
|
(
\ .

1 for / 2
( )
0 for / 2
s
x W
x
x W

<

=

<

/ 2 / 2
2
0
/ 2 / 2
/ 2
0
/ 2
cos cos sinh cosh
sin sinh cosh
4
a a
n r
a a
W
n r
W
n x n n x n d n d
dx A dx
a a a a a
a n x n a n d n d
A
n a a a a
t t t t t
c c
t t t t
c c
t

| | (
= +
|
(
\ .
| | (
= +
|
(
\ .
} }
97
( )
2
0
4 sin / 2
sinh cosh
n
r
a n W a
A
n d n d
n
a a
t
t t
t c c
=
(
+
(

0
1
/ 2
/ 2
1
0 0
( 0, ) sinh
2
( ) ,
sinh
2
1
, /
d
y n
n
W
s
W
n
n
e
e
p
n b
V E x y dy A
a
Q W
Q x dx W C
n b
V
A
a
L
Z C C
C v C cC
t

t
c
c

=
= = =
= = = =
= = = =

}
}

HW2. Use MATLAB to calculate the Z

0
with
r
=
2.2, a = 100d, for W/d = 0 to 10 (step = 0.01) and
compare these results with (3.195) & (3.196)
C = capacitance per unit length of the microstrip line with
r
1

C
0
= capacitance per unit length of the microstrip line with
r
= 1
98
Figure 3.28 (p. 150)
A rectangular waveguide partially filled with dielectric and
the transverse resonance equivalent circuit.
99
3.10 Wave Velocities and Dispersion
The speed of light in a medium is the velocity at
which a plane wave would propagate in that medium.
The phase velocity is the speed at which a constant
phase point travels.
The phase velocity is different for different
frequencies, then the individual frequency
components will not maintain their original phase
relationships as they propagate down the transmission
line or waveguide, and signal distortion will occur.
dispersion
100
Group Velocity
The velocity at which a narrow band signal
propagates.
( ) ( )
1
( ) ( )
2
j t
j t
F f t e dt
f t F e d
e
e
e
e e
t

=
=
}
}
101
For a lossless, matched transmission line or
waveguide,

The time-domain output signal,


Now if |Z()| = A is a constant, and the phase of is
a linear function of ( = a),


dispersionless (not distortion for a lossless TEM
wave)
( ) ( )
j z j
Z Ae Z e
|
e e

= =
( )
0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
j t
f t F Z e d
e
e e e
t

=
}
( )
0
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
j t a
f t AF e d Af t a
e
e e
t

= =
}
102
For a lossy TEM line, consider a narrow band input
signal of the form representing an AM modulated
carrier wave of frequency
0
.
{ }
0
0
0
0
( ) ( ) cos Re ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
j t
j t j t
s t f t t f t e
S f t e e dt F
e
e e
e
e e e

= =
= =
}
0
( )
( ) ( )
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
o m
o m
j z
o
j t j t z
o o o
S AF e
s t S e d AF e d
|
e e
e e |
e e
e e e
e e e e e
t t

+


=
= =
} }
103
In general, may be a complicated function of . But
if F() is narrowband (
m
<<
o
),




Then, y = -
0
,



a time-shifted replica of the original modulation
envelope f(t).
0 0 0
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
where ( ),
o
o
o o
d
d
d
d
e e
e e
|
| e | e e e | | e e
e
|
| | e |
e
=
=
'
= + + +
'
= =
{ }
{ }
0 0 0
0 0
( ) ( )
( )
0 0 0 0
( ) Re ( )
2
Re ( ) ( ) cos( )
j t z j t z y
o
j t z
A
s t e F y e dy
A f t z e Af t z t z
e | |
e |
t
| | e |

'

=
' '
= =
}
104
The velocity of this envelope is the group velocity, v
g
:



Ex 3.9
0
1
0
1
g
d
v
d
e e
|
e
|

=
| |
= =
|
'
\ .
105
Figure 3.31 (p. 155)
Cross section of a ridge waveguide.
106
Figure 3.32 (p. 155)
Dielectric waveguide geometry.
107
Figure 3.33 (p. 156)
Geometry of a printed slotline.
108
Figure 3.34 (p. 156)
Coplanar waveguide geometry.
109
Figure 3.35 (p. 157)
Covered microstrip line.