Based on data provided in Tables 11.1(b), 11.2(b), 11.3, and 11.4, Callister 7e.

Steels
Low Alloy High Alloy
low carbon
<0.25 wt% C
Med carbon
0.25-0.6 wt% C
high carbon
0.6-1.4 wt% C
Uses auto
struc.
sheet
bridges
towers
press.
vessels
crank
shafts
bolts
hammers
blades
pistons
gears
wear
applic.
wear
applic.
drills
saws
dies
high T
applic.
turbines
furnaces
V. corros.
resistant
Example 1010 4310 1040 43 40 1095 4190 304
Additions none
Cr,V
Ni, Mo
none
Cr, Ni
Mo
none
Cr, V,
Mo, W
Cr, Ni, Mo
plain HSLA plain
heat
treatable
plain tool
austenitic
stainless
Name
Hardenability 0 + + ++ ++ +++ 0
TS - 0 + ++ + ++ 0
EL + + 0 - - -- ++
increasing strength, cost, decreasing ductility
Nomenclature of Steels
Historically, many methods for identifying alloys
by their composition have been developed
The commonly used schemes in this country are
those developed by AISI/SAE and ASTM
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and the
Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
European countries, Japan, Russia etc.
developed their own schemes
In order to avoid confusion, the Universal/Unified
Numbering System (UNS) was developed
AISI/SAE Classification of Steels
A four digit description
First two digits identify the alloy type
Last two digits indicate the carbon content
For example
AISI/SAE 1020 steel is a plain carbon steel (10xx) which has
0.20 wt.% carbon (xx20)
Plain carbon steel (10xx) are inexpensive, but have several
limitations including:
Poor hardenability because the critical cooling rate is very high
Rapid cooling leads to distortion and cracking
Poor corrosion resistance
Poor impact resistance at low temperature
Alloy steels were developed to address these issues
Alloying changes the eutectoid composition, the eutectoid
carbon content and the critical cooling rate
These alloys are more expensive, but a better combination of
properties is obtained
AISI/SAE Classification of Steels
UNS uses the AISI/SAE designation with a letter before and a 0 after the 4 digits
The letter identifies the alloy group
Overview of UNS
Axxxxx - Aluminum Alloys
Cxxxxx - Copper Alloys, including Brass and Bronze
Fxxxxx - Iron, including Ductile Irons and Cast Irons
Gxxxxx - Carbon and Alloy Steels
Hxxxxx - Steels - AISI H Steels
Jxxxxx - Steels - Cast
Kxxxxx - Steels, including Maraging, Stainless, HSLA, Iron-Base Superalloys
L5xxxx - Lead Alloys, including Babbit Alloys and Solders
M1xxxx - Magnesium Alloys
Nxxxxx - Nickel Alloys
Rxxxxx - Refractory Alloys
R03xxx- Molybdenum Alloys
R04xxx- Niobium (Columbium) Alloys
R05xxx- Tantalum Alloys
R3xxxx- Cobalt Alloys
R5xxxx- Titanium Alloys
R6xxxx- Zirconium Alloys
Sxxxxx - Stainless Steels, including Precipitation Hardening and Iron-Based
Superalloys
Txxxxx - Tool Steels
Zxxxxx - Zinc Alloys
AISI/SAE, ASTM, UNS
ASTM developed a parallel classification, starting with
a letter A followed by numbers and other descriptors
Tool Steels
AISI designation has a letter and a number.
The letter describes the application
M (high speed machine tool), H (hot working)
The letter describes the heat treatment
A (air hardening), O (oil quenching), W (water quenching)

UNS designation all tool steels start with a T
Stainless Steels
Excellent corrosion resistance
Contain 12 to 30% Chromium
Cr oxidizes easily and forms a thin continuous layer of oxide that
prevents further oxidation of the metal
Cr is a ferrite stabilizer
Austenite is restricted to a small
region of the phase diagram
Ferritic Stainless Steels are
essentially Fe-Cr Alloys
Ferrite phase (bcc structure)
Inexpensive, high strength

Stainless Steels
Austenitic Stainless Steels
Nickel is an austenite stabilizer. The addition of both
Cr and Ni results in the austenite (g, fcc) phase being
retained to room temperature
The austenite phase is very formable (fcc structure)
Ni makes these alloys expensive
Martensitic Stainless Steels
Have both Cr and C
There is more Cr than in ferritic SS since Cr tends to
form Cr
23
C
6
, which removes available Cr for corrosion
protection
Can be heat treated to high strength
UNS letter S indicates stainless steel