WELL

COME
Dr. Mejbah Uddin
Ahmed
Introduction
Microbiology:
Microbiology is the study of
microorganisms. In short; microbiology
refers to the study of life and organisms that
are too small to be seen with the naked eye.
Microbiology includes bacteriology, virology,
mycology, parasitology, and other branches.
Introduction
There are 5 group of infectious agents for
human:
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Helminths
* Bacteria are prokaryotes
* Viruses are acellular
Important Properties of
prokaryotes:
◘ Prokaryote – means Primitive nucleus
◘ Cell wall contain peptidoglycan
◘ No membrane bound organelles
◘ Contains loosely organized DNA
◘ No nuclear membrane
◘ 70s ribosome
◘ No mitotic cell division
 capsul
e
Cell Bacterial
wall
structure
Plasma membrane

Cytoplas
m
Ribosom
e mesosome
Plasmid
Pili

Bacterial Flagellum
Nucleoid Bacterial
DNA
Bacterial
structure
 Bacterial structure
Shape and Size:
Cocci: Rounded
Bacilli: Rod shaped
Spirochetes: Spiral
Pleomorphic: Many shape.
Size may be ranged from 0.2 to 5 µ m
 Bacterial structure
Bacteria may be arranged:
Pair (diplococci)
Chain
Cluster
This arrangements are due to orientation and
degree of attachment during cell division.
Cell Groupings
Binary
division
can lead
to
diplococci
, chains
(Streptoc
occus),
packets
or
clusters
(Staphylo
coccus)
 Bacterial structure
Essential structures are
1.cellwall
2.Cytoplasmic membrane
3.Nucleoid
4.Mesosome
5.Ribosome
6.Periplasmic space in GNB
 Bacterial structure
Accessory structures are
1.Flagella
2.Pilusor Fimbria
3.capsule, slime layer
4.Spore
5.Granules
6.Plasmid
7.Transposon
 Bacterial structure
Cytoplasm:
Amorphous matrix, contains: ribosome,
nutrient granules, metabolites, plasmids and
nucleoid.

Cytoplasmic membrane:
Inside the cell wall, composed of phospholipid
bilayer.
# Active transport of molecules # Energy
generation # Cell wall precursor synthesis
# Secretion enzymes and toxins
 Bacterial structure
Ribosome:
Site of protein synthesis, 70S variety of
two subunits:50S and 30S.
(S stands for Svedburg units, a sedimentation
value.)
## Our interest? Antibiotic activity.

Nucleoid: Contains DNA (single, circular

molecule), no nucleolus, no mitotic spindle.
 Bacterial structure

Cell wall: Outer most multilayered structure.

Peptidoglycan makes it rigid and determines shape

2 major subunits: NAG and NAM

Tetrapeptide chain attached to NAM:L-alanine, D-

glutamic acid,diaminopimelic acid/L-lysine, D-
alanine.

Interpeptide bridge in gram positive cell wall

 Gram Positive Bacteria
 Thicklayer of peptidoglycan
 Negatively charged teichoic acid on surface
Gram Negative Bacteria
Cell wall much more complex
Thin peptidoglycan layer
Surrounded with Periplasm
Unique outer membrane
Phospholipid (Lipid A): Toxic effect.
Core polysaccharide
Outer polysaccharide: Somatic or O antigen

Fig 3.34
 Bacterial structure
Capsule:
Gelatinous, Composed of polysaccharide (except-
Anthrax D-glutamic acid)
* Anti phagocytic * Helps in diagnosis
* Vaccine * Adherence
Glycocalyx:
 External surface layer composed of polysaccharides
 Gel like
 Functions in protection and/or attachment
 Bacterial structure
Flagellum: Whip like, long.
Monotrichous-Vivrio, Lophotrichous-
Pseudomonous, Peritrichous - E. coli and
Amphitrichous - Helicobacter.
*Account for most bacterial motility
• Diagnosis

Pilus: Short, Hair like.

Attachment
conjugation
 Bacterial structure
Plasmid: Extrachromosal, circular, double
stranded DNA.
Capable of independent replication
May transmissible or Non transmissible
Responsible for: antibiotic resistance,
resistance to heavy metals, UV lights,
Exotoxin production and carry genes for Pili.
Transposon: Pieces of DNA, readily moves,
“Jumping genes”.
Responsible for drug resistance, toxin,
mutation.
 Bacterial structure
Spore:
Highly resistance structure, formed during
adverse condition: sources of carbon and
nitrogen are depleted.
Keratinlike coat.
Resistance is mediated by dipicolinic
acid
Metabolically inert
Sensitive to 121°c for 15 minutes.
Wish You All the
best