ANATOMY AND

PHYSIOLOGY
This is the structure and function of the body.
We have already looked at the physiology
(function) of the body when we studied the
CIRCULATORY and RESPIRATORY systems.
We will now look at the structure of the body,
and in particular:
1. BONES
2.FUNCTION OF THE SKELETON
3.JOINTS
4.MUSCLES
BONES
Some bones are hollow and inside them is the
red bone marrow from which our blood is
formed.
All bones are formed from CARTILAGE,
except the clavicle and some parts of the
cranium.
Bones begin to grow before children are born,
and as growth takes place the CARTILAGE,
which forms the temporary skeleton, is
hardened into bone by the addition of calcium.
Bone growth begins in the centre of each bone.
This is in the centre of the shaft. Growth
takes place upwards, downwards and around
the central marrow cavity.
Secondary growth appears at both ends.
CARTILAGE remains between the areas until
bone growth is completed.
This process of development from cartilage to
bone is known as OSSIFICATION.
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
BONES AND THE SKELETON ?
1. MOVEMENT
2.Muscles are attached to bone by tendons,
and these allow us to apply POWER and
MOVEMENT.
3.PROTECTION of vital organs.
4.STORES CALCIUM which gives bones
hardness.
WHAT BONES DO WE NEED TO KNOW AND
WHERE THEY ARE SITUATED ?
1. CRANIUM
2.CLAVICLE
3.SCAPULA
4.STERNUM
5.RIBS
6.VERTEBRAL COLUMN
7.HUMERUS
8. RADIUS
9. ULNA
10. ILIUM
11. CARPALS
12. META CARPALS
13. PHALANGES
14. FEMUR
15. PATELLA
16. TIBIA
17. FIBULA
18. TARSALS
19. META TARSALS
20. PHALANGES
HOW DO WE CLASSIFY BONES ?
Bones are classified according to their
function.
1. (Protection) FLAT BONES
2.(Protection) IRREGULAR BONES
3.(levers) LONG BONES
4.SHORT BONES
CAN YOU PUT THE BONES OF THE
SKELETON INTO THESE GROUPS.
WHAT IS THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN
The vertebral column is very versatile. It has
strength and is flexible. We can use it as a
lever and it also protects the spinal chord.
We have 12 ribs and it is their job to protect
the organs of the chest and the upper
abdomen.
The vertebral column consists of 33 bones, or
vertebrae, which are divided into 5 groups:
1. 7 in the CERVICAL region which form the
neck, and allow a variety of movement.
2. 12 in the THORACIC region.
3. 5 in the LUMBAR region.
4. 5 in the SACRUM
5. 4 IN THE coccyx WHICH USED TO FORM
OUR TAIL.
All the vertebrae fit neatly together to
protect the spinal chord.
Between each vertebrae is an
INTERVERTEBRAL disc. These discs are very
delicate and if put out of action by slipping out
of place or tearing, the patient is said to have
slipped a disc.
JOINTS OF THE BODY
JOINT- A place where two or more bones
meet.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS- in order to prevent pain
through the friction that might be caused by
the bones rubbing together, the ends of the
bones in a SYNOVIAL JOINT are covered
with a layer of thick cartilage KNOWN AS
HYALINE CARTILAGE.
The cartilage is elastic and this enables it to
cushion and therefore protect the ends of the
bones involved in the joint.
Surrounding a synovial joint is a tough capsule,
which is reinforced by LIGAMENTS.
Inside the capsule is a SYNOVIAL
MEMBRANE which produces SYNOVIAL
FLUID to lubricate the joint.
There are 6 types of joints in which we need
to know 3 of them:
1. BALL AND SOCKET JOINTS
2.HINGE JOINTS
3.PIVOT JOINT
CAN YOU PUT THE FOLLOWING JOINTS
INTO THE ABOVE CATEGORIES AND NAME
A SPORTING ACTION THAT USES THE
JOINT ?
1. HIP
2.SHOULDER
3.KNEE
4.ELBOW
5.WRIST
6.ANKLE
WHAT SORT OF MOVEMENTS CAN BE
DONE AT A JOINT ?
There are 6 principle movements at a joint.
Can you name a joint that will perform this
movement and give examples in sport where
the following movements take place ?
1. FLEXION
2.EXTENSION
3.ABDUCTION
4.ADDUCTION
5.ROTATION
6.CIRCUMDUCTION
CAN YOU NAME THESE MOVEMENTS?
REVISION