Renaissance and Reformation

Chapter 12
Economic Prosperity
 Life began to improve toward the end of
the Middle Ages
 New farming technology produced more
food
 There was a new emphasis on learning.
 By the 15th century cities reemerge in Italy
 Trade increased as a result of the
crusades
 A new interest in Greek and Roman
civilizations came from contact with
Byzantine and Muslim cultures
 Increased trade led to a new middle class
of wealthy merchants and artisans.
 Patrons provided financial support for
the arts
 Lorenzo de Medici was a wealthy merchant
and famous patron
 The Roman Catholic Church also funded
many artists’ work
  The Renaissance was a time of rebirth of
Renaissance art and literature after the Dark Ages in
Europe.
 Geniuses like Leonardo Da Vinci studied a
1. What did humanists variety of subjects including art and
focus on rather than anatomy.
religious subjects of the
Middle Ages?
2. The Bonfire of Vanities
involved destroying
humanist books and art
in effort to _________.
3. Why was Leonardo
considered a
“Renaissance Man”?
4. How were
Michelangelo’s
sculptures like those of
the ancient Greeks?
5. How was Raphael’s
view of the Madonna
different from
Michelangelo’s?
 Middle Ages vs.
Renaissance
Focus of The Middle Ages:
 Religious matters and the
afterlife
 Warfare and danger
New Renaissance Ideals:
 Artists began to focus on
secular (worldly) things in
addition to religious subjects.
 Humanism:
Human experiences and
achievements were
celebrated during this time
 Stability and learning replaced
warfare and illiteracy.
Leonardo Da Vinci

Italian painter and

inventor known as a
true Renaissance Man
due to his many
interests Below: Last Supper (1498)

Above: Mona Lisa

(1503)
 Pietà (1499) David
Michelangelo (1501-1504)

 Famous painter and

sculptor most known
for the ceiling of the
Sistine chapel and the
statue of David

Ceiling of
the
Sistine
Chapel
(1508-
1512)
 Raphael
 Painter most known for the
School of Athens (below, 1510-
1511) and the Transfiguration
(right, 1516-1520 completed after
his death by Giulio Romano)
Northern Renaissance
Over time the
Renaissance spread
to northern Europe.
 Around 1439 Johann
Gutenberg invented
the printing press:
Increased literacy
Spread ideas faster
Cheaper and easier
 Albrecht Durer is
known as the German
Leonardo
He studied art in Italy
and took the
movement back to
Germany
 War is delightful to those who

Humanism have had no experience of it.

Desiderius Erasmus
Dutch author, philosopher,
Sir Thomas More and Erasmus & scholar (1466 - 1536)
were two humanist of the Northern
Renaissance
More focused on the government in
Utopia (1515)
Erasmus was concerned with church
reform

They wonder much to hear that gold, which in

Sir Thomas More, Utopia

Literature
 William Shakespeare: wrote 37 plays that
are still performed all over the world
 Cervantes: wrote Don Quixote, the story
of the adventures of a foolish knight.
 Machiavelli: made observations about
government and wrote The Prince
 “The end justifies the means.”
 “It is better to be feared than loved.”
 New ideas about
Reformation Christianity began to
spread.
The Roman Catholic
Church was forced to
reform.
Popes were caught up
in worldly affairs, power
hungry, lavish lifestyles
They sold
indulgences
Do you think that all of the clergy members (forgiveness of sin) to
were corrupt during the Middle Ages? Is it
fair to judge an entire group because of the pay for arts
actions of a few? Why or Why Not?
 Protestant Reformation
 Some reformers,
What is the root known as
word of Protestant?
What do you think a Protestants, totally
Protestant is based
on this root word?
separated from the
Catholic Church
 Martin Luther:
 Drew up 95 Theses, a
list of arguments
against indulgences
How do you think the
and posted them on
Roman Catholic Church
responded to Luther’s Wittenberg's All Saints
concerns? How would church, he argued
things be different if they salvation through faith
had responded
differently?
Protestant Reformation Continued
 John Calvin believed in
predestination (the idea
that God determined
long ago who would gain
salvation.)
 spread new ideas
throughout Europe which
led to wars with the
Catholics
 Huguenot: French
Calvinists that fought
Catholics
 John Knox: led a religious
rebellion in Scotland,
overthrew the Catholic
Queen and set up Scottish
Presbyterian Church
 Conflict Between Popes and Princes
Peace of Augsburg:1555 allowed princes to decide
which religion would be followed in his lands. Most in
the north Lutheran, south Catholic

1. Which religion is still the

most dominant in Europe?
2. Where can the Anglican
Church be found?
3. If you were a Calvinist you
might have lived in which
kingdoms?
4. How can you tell that
there were lots of religious
conflicts in E. Europe?
 Radical Reformers:
Anabaptists sought radical social change and
believed that only adults could receive the
sacrament of baptism
They also called for the separation of Church and
State.
How has the beliefs of the Anabaptists shaped our country
and local community?
How have they changed over time?
English Reformation and King Henry VIII
 Henry VIII of England 1. Why was it so important
(defender of the catholic for Henry to have a son?
faith) wanted a son 2. Explain in your own
 His wife Catherine of words why you think
Aragon only had a Henry’s divorce was
daughter (Mary Tudor). denied.
 Divorce is forbidden in the 3. What do you think will
Catholic Church so Henry happen next?
asked for an annulment.
 Catherine’s Nephew was
the Holy Roman Emperor
and had connections with
the pope so the
annulment was denied
Henry’s Break from Rome (click here
)
The Act of Supremacy
made Henry the supreme
head of the Church of
England not the pope.
He closed all catholic
churches and monasteries
Established the Anglican
Church but kept most forms
of Catholic worship and
doctrine
1. How do you think the Catholics in England responded to the Act of
Supremacy?
2. Would you have made the same decision as Henry? If not what
would you have done differently?
 "King Henry the Eighth, to six wives he was
wedded: One died, one survived, two divorced, two
beheaded".
Through a series of 6 marriages Henry produced a
son and two daughters
Catherine of Aragon -> Divorced -> Mary
Anne Boleyn -> Beheaded -> Elizabeth I
Jane Seymour (sole true wife) -> died of puerperal fever
-> Edward VI
Other wives include: another Anne (divorce), Catherine
Howard (executed), and Catherine Parr
More accurately they were "divorced, beheaded, died,
divorced, beheaded, survived".
Compare and Contrast
How was Henry VIII’s part in the Protestant
Reformation similar to that of Luther, Calvin, and
other reformers?
How was Henry VIII’s role in the Protestant
Reformation different?
Do you think that his break from Rome was
justified? Why or Why not?
How would you feel if you were a Catholic living
in England during the time of Henry VIII?
Henry’s Heirs
Edward VI, his only son, ruled briefly from 1547-
1553, he was a sickly kid and died in his teens.
Mary, Henry’s first daughter, became queen in
1553 and tried to restore England to Roman
Catholicism. (Bloody Mary)
Elizabeth, Henry’s daughter with Anne Boleyn,
finally became queen when Mary died and
restored peace to England
 She ruled both Protestants and Catholics with tolerance
and compromise while securing England as a
Protestant nation.
Catholic Response to Reformation
 Council of Trent:
 Group that would
determine catholic
reform, reaffirmed
traditional views, tried to
end abuses, worldliness,
and corruption among
the clergy
 Inquisition
 A church court set up to
root out heresies using
torture, and testimony.
 Ignatius of Loyola
 movement
A Spanish knight that
founded the Jesuits a
group that fought against
heresy and spread the
Catholic Faith
 St. Teresa of Avila
 Established a convent of
Carmelite nuns that lived in
isolation, dedicating
themselves to prayer and
meditation, she also
reformed other convents
 Results of the Catholic
Reformation:
 Rome became more pious
(religious), charity and
religious art flourished, it did
not stop the Protestant
Results of the Reformation
 Widespread Persecution:
 Witch Hunts= religious fervor led to
the accusations of many women and
some men of being witches and tens
of thousands died as a result.
 Jews= they were under pressure to
convert to Christianity and began to
be forced to live in Ghettos (sections
of a city where mainly minorities live
separated from the rest of society)
Anti-Semitism grew and some were
expelled from Christian lands and
forced them to identify themselves
 Ottomans and Dutch Calvinists
tolerated the Jews and took them in.
Looking Ahead
 Age of Reason
 People began to question what they
had always accepted to be true.
 The Scientific Method is used to
explain things.
 Church and Government officials
felt threatened by humanism and
censored many Renaissance and
Scientific ideas.
 Exploration
 Rebirth in learning led to
questions about the world that
explorers wanted to answer.
 Those fleeing religious
persecution in Europe went to
the Americas to start a new
life
 Revolution
 Humanist questions about
government, church, and
society let to calls for reform.
 Many countries experienced
Revolutionary and Civil Wars
that made up the world we live
in today.
Persuasive Poster
Create a persuasive poster for one
of the Protestant sects of
Christianity that emerged during the
Reformation.
 Use the following to catch the eye of the
audience and convince someone to
convert to your religion.
Slogan
Color Cartoon
Basic Beliefs
 Yourtopia
Gov: Monarchy or Oligarchy Aristocracy Democracy
Dictatorship

Econ: Free Market Communist Mix Other

Culture Patriarchal Matriarchal Egalitarian Other

Religion Monotheistic Polytheistic Separate from Other

State