Chapter 2 Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite

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Chapter 2

Protocols and the TCP/IP Suite
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Introduction
Layered protocol architecture
TCP/IP protocol suite
OSI reference model
Internetworking
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The Need for a Protocol
Architecture
Procedures to exchange data between
devices can be complex
High degree of cooperation required
between communicating systems

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Example: File transfer
Requires a data path to exist
Tasks:
Activate data communication path
Source determines that destination is ready
File transfer app destination file management
app is ready store file for user
File format conversion

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Layered Protocol Architecture
modules arranged in a vertical stack
Each layer in stack:
Performs related functions
Relies on lower layer for more primitive
functions
Provides services to next higher layer
Communicates with corresponding peer layer
of neighboring system using a protocol
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Key Features of a Protocol
Set of rules or conventions to exchange
blocks of formatted data
Syntax: data format
Semantics: control information
(coordination, error handling)
Timing: speed matching, sequencing
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TCP/IP Layers
Physical
Network access
Internet
Transport Application

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TCP and UDP
TCP:
connection-oriented
Reliable packet delivery in sequence
UDP:
connectionless (datagram)
Unreliable packet delivery
Packets may arrive out of sequence or
duplicated
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Figure 2.1
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Figure 2.2
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Operation of TCP and IP
IP implemented in end systems and
routers, relaying data between hosts
TCP implemented only in end systems,
assuring reliable delivery of blocks of data
Each host on subnetwork has unique IP
address
Each process on each process has unique
IP port number
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Figure 2-3
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Figure 2-4
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TCP Applications
SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
FTP: File Transfer Protocol
telnet: remote login
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OSI Reference Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data link
physical
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Figure 2.5
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Internetworking Terms
Communication network
Internet
Intranet
Subnetwork
End system
Intermediate system
Bridge
Router
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Routers
Provide link between networks
Accommodate network differences:
Addressing schemes
Maximum packet sizes
Hardware and software interfaces
Network reliability
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Figure 2-7
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Figure 2-8
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Figure 2-9
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Figure 2-10