R

Programming
Beginning with R

R can be started by double-clicking the
desktop shortcut icon or by going to Start-
>Program-> R

The program will open with the window

This is the starting point for all that is to
come






The R startup window/ console or
command window



Rs data structure include vectors,
matrices, arrays, data frames and lists

R is an interpreted language; users
typically access it through a command
line interpreter


Simple R commands
# Basic mathematical operations
>3 + 4
>5 * 5
>12 / 3
>5^5
>log(2)
>log10(2)




Getting Data into R


# Vector
## Most basic object in R
## Contains elements of the same class
## Can be: character, numeric, integer, complex,
logical(True/False)

# Create a vector
##Concatenating Data with the c Function
##c function creates a single vector of length 4
>v=c(1,3,5,7)
>v
# List
## (Vector with different class of objects)
>l=c("Blue", 2, 5, "Red")
>l



#Matrix
# Create a matrix
>m=matrix(1:6,2,3)
>m
## Matrix creation is column-wise

# Create a matrix from a vector
>m2=matrix(1:6)
# Then add dimensionality
>dim(m2)=c(2,3)
>m2


# Create a matrix by binding columns or rows
>x=1:6
>y=5:10
>cbind(x,y) # by column
>rbind(x,y) # by row

# Check the attributes
>attributes(m)

# Call a particular cell in a matrix
>m
>m[1,2]

# Dataframes
## Different than matrices => can store different classes of objects
## Usually created with data.frame()

# Create a dataframe
>d=data.frame(subjectID=1:5,gender=c("M","F","F","M","F"),score=c(8,3,6,5,5))
>d

# Number of rows
>nrow(d)

# Number of columns
>ncol(d)

# Check the attributes
>attributes(d)

# Call a particular cell in a dataframe
>d[2,1]
>d[1,2]

# Display dataframe
>View(d)

# Edit dataframe
>edit(d)

# Getting help on a function
>?functionname

# Download and install packages
>install.packages("psych") ## Need to specify CRAN the 1st time (India)

# Load package
>library(psych)




Thank You