Electromagnetic Band

Gap for Mobile Phone

Antenna
Outline
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Introduction
Antennas Have Always Been the Part That Makes a
Wireless Device Wireless
Have Traditionally Been External, Connectorized
Components
Antennas for Mobile Devices Have Evolved Since
Their Introduction
Whips Retractables Stubbies Embedded
Introduction
Better Performance is Usually
Achieved by Increased S/N in
the Wireless Link
Performance improvements can
be realized by higher gain
antenna (if beam is properly
focused)
R1
R2
Increase Cell Coverage
Introduction
Increased Gain Can be Used
in Different Ways
Better cell coverage area
Increase cell size / range
Given all mobiles at max
power, then less dropouts
Less battery power
Given strong signal area,
then reduced Tx Battery
Especially critical in CDMA
networks
Some combination of above
Reduce Battery Size
R1
Reduce Dropouts
Antenna
Antenna is Traditionally Evaluated for
Performance Under These Criteria
A. Frequency
B. Gain / directivity
C. Return Loss / VSWR
D. Bandwidth
E. Impedance
Today Additional Antenna Performance
Parameters Must be Evaluated
F. Efficiency
G. Volumetric size
Antenna
Electromagnetic Spectrum Is Measured in
Terms of Frequency
Most Antennas Transceive Over a Narrow
Frequency Range Which Is Usually ~10% of
the Center Frequency
For Antennas, This Includes Both the Uplink
and Downlink Frequencies (if duplex)
Example: (US PCS Tx and Rx) = 1850 MHz to 1990 MHz
Antenna
Combined parameter that
characterizes the actual
performance achievable in a real
antenna
Antenna gain is expressed as the
ratio of the power transmitted by an
antenna in a given direction and the
power that would be transmitted in
that direction by a perfectly efficient
isotropic radiator (spherical) in that
direction
Isotropic is uniform 0dBi, by
definition

Perfectly Efficient
Isotropic Radiator
(3D Sphere)
Antenna
Difference between the power input to and
the power reflected back from a discontinuity
in a transmission circuit
In a perfectly matched transmission system,
there are no standing waves and the Voltage
Standing Wave Ratio (a ratiometric measure
of the crest to null of the voltage standing on
the line) is 1:1
Antennas having VSWR less than 3:1 are
acceptable for receive applications and low
power transmission,with 2:1 being very good
Antenna
Amount of Spectrum Needed for a Particular Communications
Channel or Group of Channels
Defined in units of frequency and is computed as the difference
between an upper and lower band edge limit
Channel Bandwidth is usually much less than total allocated
bandwidth
Narrowband Antennas
Operate only on the band of frequencies for which the device
was intended
Broadband Antennas
Tend to perform less effectively than narrowband antennas but
provide multiple frequency integration
Antenna Input Impedance Is Traditionally
Specified at 50 Ohms for Most Antenna Devices
Many not necessarily be optimal, but provides easy
test / debug via standard coax test equipment
OEMs have begun to consider lower impedances,
primarily driven to better match the output of the
transmitting power amplifier (which is where most of
the battery power is consumed)
75 Ohms Typical for Video Equipment

Antenna
Direct Measure of How Well an Antenna
Transforms Onboard Electrical Energy
Into Transmitted Signal Energy
100% efficient antenna would theoretically
convert all input power into radiated power,
with no loss to resistive or dielectric
elements
Most all antennas in use exhibit at least 50%
efficiency, with 70%-80% being very good
designs

Antenna
Volumetric Size of the Best-designed
Antenna Is Ultimately Limited by
Theoretical Considerations That Depend
on the Maximum Bandwidth Over Which
the Antenna Must Operate
Some antennas exhibit a smaller occupied
volume for a given degree of performance
EBG Structure
In recent years, there has been a growing
interest on EBG structures to design low
profile high-performance antennas for
wireless applications. The EBG antenna
based on the model of cavity with can
realize high quality radiation patterns with a
high directivity and a very low side lobe level
in several applications.
EBG Structure
Two-dimensional EBG surfaces: (a) a mushroom-like
surface and (b) a uni-planar surface.
EBG Structure
The characteristics of EBG depend on the
shape, size, symmetry and the material
used in their construction.
The main advantage of EBG structure is
their ability to suppress the surface wave
current that reduce the antenna efficiency
and radiation pattern.
Design Concept for Mobile
Antennas
Printed internal antenna
Cell phone back cover
Purpose
Increases the antenna electrical length by uniformly spreading current
Increases the antenna bandwidth by 3 to 4 times
Reduces the antenna height by 2.5 times
Mobile Antennas
Design Concept for Mobile
Antennas
Current
Distribution
Conventional
Antenna
Proposed
Antenna
Higher Current Density
Maximum Current
Minimum Current
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Frequency (GHz)
Metal Ground
EBG Surface
Phase profile
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In phase
Engineered Structure
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Out of phase
Dielectric Substrate
Antenna
In phase
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4

Direct
wave
Reflected
wave
Metal Ground
11
With
EBG
Nulls
Eliminated
Without
EBG
Null Points No Signal
Accomplishments
Increased bandwidth by 31%
Reduced coupling by 13 dB
Eliminated Nulls in Radiation Pattern
Increased antenna Gain
The effect of a planar EBG structure on reducing
the mutual coupling of a linear printed dipole array
is investigated. The presence of the EBG structure
also results in an increase in the bandwidth and
gain of the antenna array.