Pengenalan Mikroprosesor

Firdaus, ST., MT.

mrdauz@yahoo.com
Politeknik Negeri Padang 092012
Decimal, Hexadecimal & Binary
Number System
Binary Hexadecimal Decimal
1 bit 0 - 1 0 - 1 0 1
2 bit 00 - 11 0 - 3 0 3
4 bit 0000 - 1111 0 F 0 15
8 bit 00000000 - 11111111 0 FF 0 255
9 bit 000000000 - 111111111 0 1FF 0 511
10 bit 0000000000 - 1111111111 0 3FF 0 1023 (1K)
11 bit 00000000000 - 11111111111 0 7FF 0 2047 (2K)
12 bit 000000000000 111111111111 0 FFF 0 4095 (4K)
Processor, Computer, Controller ?
Mikroprosesor : Central Processing Unit (CPU)
yang dikemas dalam satu chip. Ex. Intel 8088
Mikrokomputer : penggabungan mikroprosesor
dengan peripheral seperti chip I/O, memori,
Programmable Interrupt Timer, Programmable
Interval Counter dan chip pendukung lainnya.
Mikrokontroler (Single Chip Microcomputer):
mikrokomputer yang dikemas dalam satu chip.
Ex. Intel 8051
History Mikroprosesor Intel 4004
Microprocessor
The world first
microprocessor
Introduced in 1970
Number of transistor :
2,250
12 mm
2
Clock: 108 kHz
4-bit register and 4-bit
data bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel 8008
Introduced in 1972
Clock speed : 800 KHz
Number of transistor :
3500
8-bit register and 8-bit
data bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel 8080
Introduced in 1974
Clock speed : 2 MHz
Number of transistor :
4500
8-bit register and data
bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel 8085
Introduced in 1974
8-bit architecture
Still used in some
microcontroller
applications
History Mikroprosesor Intel 8086
Introduced in 1979
Number of transistor :
29,000
33 mm
2
Clock: 5 MHz
16 bit architecture

History Mikroprosesor Intel 8088
Introduced in 1981
Clock speed : 4,47 MHz
Number of transistors :
29000
16-bit register and data
bus
The worlds first PC ran
on an Intel 8088
History Mikroprosesor Intel 286
Introduced in 1982
Clock speed: 12 MHz
Number of transistor :
134000
16-bit register and data
bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel 386
Introduced in 1985
Clock speed : 16 MHz
Number of transistors :
275000
32-bit register and data
bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel 486
Introduced in 1989
Clock speed : 25 MHz
Number of transistor :
1,200,000
32-bit register and data
bus
1
st
pipelined
implementation of IA32
History Mikroprosesor Intel
Pentium
Introduced in 1993
Clock speed : 66 MHz
Number of transistor :
3,300,000
32-bit register and data
bus
1
st
superscalar
implementation of IA32
History Mikroprosesor Intel
Pentium pro
Introduced in 1995
Clock speed: 200 MHz
Number of transistor :
5,500,000
32-bit register and data
bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel Pentium
II
Introduced in 1997
Clock speed : 300 MHz
Number of transistor :
7,500,000
32-bit register and data
bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel Pentium
III
Introduced in 1999
Clock speed : 500 MHz
Number of transistor :
9,500,000
32-bit register and data
bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel Pentium
IV
Introduced in 2000
Clock speed: 1 GHz
Number of transistor :
15,500,000
64-bit register and data
bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel Pentium
D
Introduced in 2005
Clock speed : 3.6 GHz
Number of transistor :
47,500,000
32-bit register and data
bus
History Mikroprosesor Intel Core 2 /
Quad
Introduced in
2006/2007
Clock speed: 3.6 GHz
Number of transistor :
214,500,000
32-bit register and data
bus
Microprocessor Logic
A microprocessor executes a collection of machine instructions that
tell the processor what to do. Based on the instructions, a
microprocessor does three basic things:
Using its ALU (Arithmetic/Logic Unit), a microprocessor can perform
mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division. Modern microprocessors contain complete floating
point processors that can perform extremely sophisticated
operations on large floating point numbers.
A microprocessor can move data from one memory location to
another.
A microprocessor can make decisions and jump to a new set of
instructions based on those decisions.
This microprocessor has
An address bus (that may be 8,
16 or 32 bits wide) that sends
an address to memory

A data bus (that may be 8, 16
or 32 bits wide) that can send
data to memory or receive data
from memory

An RD (read) and WR (write)
line to tell the memory
whether it wants to set or get
the addressed location

This microprocessor has
A clock line that lets
a clock pulse
sequence the
processor

A reset line that
resets the program
counter to zero (or
whatever) and
restarts execution

This microprocessor has
Registers A, B and C are
simply latches made out of
flip-flops.
The address latch is just like
registers A, B and C.
The program counter is a
latch with the extra ability
to increment by 1, and also
reset to zero.
The ALU could be as simple
as an 8-bit adder, or it might
be able to add, subtract,
multiply and divide 8-bit
values.
This microprocessor has
The test register is a special
latch that can hold values from
comparisons performed in the
ALU.
An ALU can normally compare
two numbers and determine if
they are equal, if one is
greater than the other, etc.
The test register can also
normally hold a carry bit from
the last stage of the adder.
It stores these values in flip-
flops and then the instruction
decoder can use the values to
make decisions.
This microprocessor has
There are six boxes marked "3-
State" in the diagram. These
are tri-state buffers.
A tri-state buffer can pass a 1,
a 0 or it can essentially
disconnect its output.
A tri-state buffer allows
multiple outputs to connect to
a wire, but only one of them
to actually drive a 1 or a 0
onto the line.
The instruction register and
instruction decoder are
responsible for controlling all
of the other components.

Control lines from the instruction
decoder
Tell the A register to latch the value currently on the data bus

Tell the B register to latch the value currently on the data bus

Tell the C register to latch the value currently output by the ALU

Tell the program counter register to latch the value currently on the data
bus

Tell the address register to latch the value currently on the data bus

Tell the instruction register to latch the value currently on the data bus

Tell the program counter to increment

Control lines from the instruction
decoder
Tell the program counter to reset to zero

Activate any of the six tri-state buffers (six separate lines)

Tell the ALU what operation to perform

Tell the test register to latch the ALU's test bits

Activate the RD line

Activate the WR line

Coming into the instruction decoder are the bits from the test register and
the clock line, as well as the bits from the instruction register.

MICROCOMPUTER BASIC
ARCHITECTURE
Microprocessor Memory Input/Output
ADDRESS BUS
DATA BUS
CONTROL BUS
VON NEUMANN MICROCOMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE

Microprocessor Input/Output
ADDRESS BUS
DATA BUS
CONTROL BUS
Instruction/Pr
ogram
Memory
(ROM)
Data Memory
(RAM)
HARVARD MICROCOMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE

Microprocessor Input/Output
ADDRESS BUS
DATA BUS
CONTROL BUS
Instruction/Pr
ogram
Memory
(ROM)
Data Memory
(RAM)
C T R L B U S
A D D R E S S B U S
D
A
T
A

B
U
S

Microcomputer Unit Explanation
Microprocessor/MPU/CPU : commonly controls the
operation of all the microcomputers units such memory
and I/O through the wire bus.
Memory : (1)ROM/Read Only Memory/non-volatile
memory stores the binary data of instructions/programs
such BIOS/OS. (2)RAM/Random Access Memory/volatile
memory stores temporary data such books database.
I/O : allows the computer to take in data from the outside
world or send data to the outside world. Peripherals such
as keyboards, video display terminals, printers, and
modems are connected to the I/O section.

BUS EXPLANATION
BUS : a set of wires, that interconnects all the
components (subsystems) of a computer. A
wire accommodates one bit.
Address Bus : CPU reads/writes data from/to
the memory by addressing a specific location;
outputs the location of the data on the
address bus; memory uses the address to
access the proper data.


BUS EXPLANATION
Data Bus : When the CPU reads data from memory, it
first outputs the address on the address bus, then the
memory outputs the data onto the data bus; the CPU
reads the data from data bus. When writing data onto
the memory, the CPU outputs first the address on the
address bus, then outputs the data onto the output
bus; memory then reads and stores the data at the
proper location.
Control Bus : The CPU sends out signals on the control
bus to enable the outputs of addressed memory
devices or port devices. Typical control bus signals are
Memory Read, Memory Write, I/O Read, and l/O Write.

Kapasitas Memori
Address Data
11 1010
10 0001
01 0100
00 0001
Address Data
11 10101010
10 11110000
01 00010010
00 10100011
Lebar Bus Address = 2 bit
Lebar Bus Data = 4 bit
maka,
Kapasitas memori = 4 Nibble
Lebar Bus Address = 2 bit
Lebar Bus Data = 8 bit
maka,
Kapasitas memori = 4 Byte

Note:
4 bit = nibble
8 bit = byte
16 bit = word
Example of Microprocessor Chip
Address bus : 16 bit wide,
A0 A15.
Data bus : 8 bit wide, D0
D7.
Control bus : 2 bit, low
active WR & RD signals
with dot sign.
Hence, P able to
accommodate 65535
(64K) addresses and able
to send a byte data
Example of RAM chips
Example of ROM chips
MEMORY MAPPING
Latar belakang : semua pin data chip RAM, ROM dan I/O terhubung paralel
dalam satu bus data, begitu juga dengan pin address-nya yang terkoneksi
paralel dalam satu bus address. Dalam kondisi seperti ini khusus lalu lintas
data akan terjadi saling bertabrakan jika data tersebut tidak diatur mana
yang terlebih dahulu berhak melewati bus.
Tujuan : menghindari collision data yang melalui bus agar mikroprosesor
mengetahui data tersebut berasal dari atau menuju ke chip RAM, ROM
atau I/O
Setiap chip peripheral yang terhubung ke mikroprosesor memiliki pin CS
(Chip Select) yang berfungsi mengaktifkan chip tersebut. Jika CS aktif low
maka logika low pada pin tersebut akan mengaktifkan chip itu sehingga
dapat diakses oleh mikroprosesor.
Address decoder adalah chip atau rangkaian yang akan menentukan CS
chip mana yang akan aktif sesuai dengan memory map/address masing-
masing.
PROSEDUR MEMORY MAPPING
Lihat data berapa kapasitas maksimal address mikroprosesor,
apakah 64 KB atau 1 MB dll.
Lihat data berapa kapasitas maksimal address chip peripheral (RAM,
ROM, I/O) yang digunakan, apakah 16 KB atau 32 KB dll.
Bagilah kapasitas address mikroprosesor sebesar kapasitas
maksimal chip peripheral yang terkecil.
Tentukan posisi chip peripheral sesuai urutan yang diinginkan.
Buatlah truth table untuk address (input) dan chip select (output).
Tentukan kelompok bit address yang membedakan lokasi chip
peripheral.
Buatlah address decoder-nya
1
st
Case
64 KB addresses Microprocessor uses a 32 KB
ROM and a 32 KB RAM. Map the location of
those chips with ROM in the first place.
1
st
Case Solutions

Case Example with these chips
1
st
Case
Urutan pemetaan memori : (1)ROM (2)RAM
Desain rangkaian address decoder -nya(???)
Solutions
Bus Address mikroprosesor : 4 bit = 16 address.
Bus data mikroprosesor : 8 bit.
Jadi kemampuan mikroprosesor mengakomodasi data adalah 16
byte.
Bus address RAM : 2 bit = 4 address
Bus data RAM : 8 bit.
Jadi RAM dapat menyimpan data sebanyak 4 byte.
Bus address ROM : 3 bit = 8 address
Bus data ROM : 8 bit.
Jadi ROM dapat menyimpan data sebanyak 8 byte.
Jumlah total chip penyimpan maksimum ROM dan RAM adalah 8+4
= 12 byte dan masih berada di bawah kemampuan mikroprosesor
sebanyak 16 byte.
Terdapat 4 byte kosong.
no
Input output
lokasi
A3 A2 A1 A0 CS ROM CS RAM
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
R
O
M

1 0 0 0 1 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 1
3 0 0 1 1 0 1
4 0 1 0 0 0 1
5 0 1 0 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0 0 1
7 0 1 1 1 0 1
8 1 0 0 0 1 0
R
A
M

9 1 0 0 1 1 0
10 1 0 1 0 1 0
11 1 0 1 1 1 0
12 1 1 0 0 1 1
13 1 1 0 1 1 1
14 1 1 1 0 1 1
15 1 1 1 1 1 1
References (files)
CT213_ComputerOrganization
Programming and Customizing The AVR Microcontroller
Intel Microprocessor History
Microprocessor
Microprocessor Systems
Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer-Programming and
Interfacing
Pemrograman Mikrokontroler AVR
Microcontroller
330_01
Lecture_1_2