Courage is what it takes to stand up

and speak; but courage is also what it

takes to sit down and listen.

Principles -
a fundamental, primary, or
general law or truth from which others
are derived.



GROWTH-


Development-
GROWTH- refers to an increase in
some quantity over time. The
quantity can be:
Physical (e.g., growth in height)
Development-
is systematic and orderly change
organisms experience as they live
and either gain or lose abilities.
1. Growth is a personal matter
2. Growth comes from within
3. Growth is gradual and orderly but uneven
4. Growth has certain characteristics common at particular stages
5. Development proceeds from the head downward
6. Development proceeds from the center of the body outward.
7. Development depends on maturation and learning.
8. Development proceeds from the simple (concrete) to the more
complex.
9. Growth and development is a continuous process.
10. Growth and development proceed from the general to specific
11.There are individual rates of growth and development

MECHANISMS OF HEREDITY


Mechanism- a
fundamental process
responsible for natural
phenomena.



Heredity-is the passing of traits
to offspring (from its parent or
ancestors). This is the process by
which an offspring cell or organism
acquires or becomes predisposed to
the characteristics of its parent cell
or organism

Maturation- is the emergence
of personal and behavioral
characteristics through growth
processes.
There is a set of principles that characterizes
the pattern and process of growth and
development.
These principles describe typical development
as a predictable and orderly process;
that is, we can predict how most children
will develop and that they will develop at the
same rate and at about the same time as other
children.
Although there are individual differences in
children's personalities, activity levels, and timing
of developmental milestones, such as ages and
stages, the principles and characteristics of
development are universal patterns.


Certain characteristics are typical of
certain ages, but these are only guides
and not set rules.
Each child grows in his own way.
One child may progress "slower" than
another and still he is perfectly healthy
and within the range of development
appropriate for his age.
Human beings are product of nature and
nurture. Their development is controlled by
the action of both hereditary and
environment. They grow and develop over
time or on a developmental schedule known
as maturation.

The development of the organism is
controlled by the action of both heredity
and environment

formula:

HEREDITY X ENVIRONMENT X TIME =
Developmental Level
Environment
Includes all the conditions in the
world that influence behavior, growth,
development or life processes in any
way. Environment may be external (air,
trees, houses, etc.), internal (the lymph
fluids and blood, etc.), and social
(includes the other human beings who
in any way influence us).

Heredity determines how high a level
of development a given environment
a given environment can bring about
in a given period of time.
Environment determines how
effective certain heredity can be
influencing development over a given
amount of time.
Development should not be confused
with maturation.

Development refers to the quality of
behaviour

Maturation refers to the state of the body
and its readiness for behaviour.
The nucleus of each human cell holds 46
chromosomes.
They are responsible for all genetic traits (such
as eye color).
Twenty-three chromosomes are inherited from
the mother (via her egg) and 23 from the father
(via his sperm). These two separate sets of 23
chromosomes carry the same genes and pair up
with each other upon conception. As a result, the
46 chromosomes are thus organized into 22 pairs
of chromosomes, called gene pairs. The 23rd pair
contains the sex chromosomes(X&Y).
DEVELOPMENT is systematic and orderly
change organisms experience as they live
and either gain abilities.
As a child develops, he or she adds to the skills already
acquired and the new skills become the basis for further
achievement and mastery of skills. Most children follow a
similar pattern. Also, one stage of development lays the
foundation for the next stage of development.
For example, in motor development, there is a predictable
sequence of developments that occur before walking. The
infant lifts and turns the head before he or she can turn
over. Infants can move their limbs (arms and legs) before
grasping an object. Mastery of climbing stairs involves
increasing skills from holding on to walking alone.
Genes always work in pairs.
They are either dominant or recessive.
A dominant gene is one whose
characteristic will be dominant when
paired with another gene.
A recessive gene is one whose
characteristic will not be produced when
paired with a dominant gene.
CAUSES OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Genes from an unbroken line of
transmission from one generation to the
succeeding generations.
What is transmitted through heredity
can be changed only by changes in the
genes, which is called mutation.
All tissues and organs which participate
in behaviour, such as brain, the sense
organs and muscles, develop according
to the direct control of the genes.

Sex-linked traits, such as baldness,
color blindness and haemophilia, are
produced by the genes responsible for
determining sex. They usually skip a
generation since the females are the
carriers of these traits.
In some cases of prenatal development,
monozygotic or identical twins result.
In contrast, dizygotic or fraternal
twins develop from two separate zygotes,
each produced by the union of a
separate sperm cell with a separate egg
cell.