POLICIES

• Attendance
• ID & uniform
• Quizzes
• Grading System – 40%
Quizzes – 30%
Manual – 10%
Exam – 60%
Anatomy-Physiology
• Anatomy – “ana” (apart) “tomy” (to cut),
study of the structure and shape of the body
and body parts and their relationships to one
another.

• Physiology – “physio” (nature) “ology” (the

study of)
study of how the body and its parts work or
function.
THE CELL

Monina C. Montenegro, MD, DPSP

 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek

• (1632-1723), Dutch, maker of first single lens

microscope
• The first to document the structure of RBC & the
nature of the circulatory system
• protozoans & bacteria, life cycles of many species
of insects.

Micrometer = (µm) metric unit

= 1/1000
Types of microscopes
1. Compound or light microscopes
Principle: light source -- sunlight
Magnification = extent to which an
image is enlarged
7. Electron microscope
Principle: beam of electrons
a. Transmission (magnification: 1Mx or greater)
b. Scanning (3 – D image <250,000x)
 Image under Compound
microscope

Transmission Scanning EM
EM
Ant Tissue Paper
Pollen Blood Cells
CELL
• Robert Hooke (1665) = study the
cork & other plant materials  many
small partitions separating
cavities  cells.

• Building block of all living things

• Carry out all chemical activities

needed to sustain life

• carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen

• Iron, Na, K
3 Main Regions
1. Nucleus
• “headquarters” “control center”

• DNA
▫ Genetic blueprint
▫ Building proteins
▫ Cell reproduction
3 Distinct Regions
• Nuclear envelope/membrane – encloses the
nucleoplasm

• Nucleoli – 1 or more round bodies, where

ribosomes are assembled

• Chromatin – DNA + protein (nondividing)

▫ Chromosome (dividing)
2. Plasma Membrane
syn: plasma membrane,
plasmalemma, cell
membrane
- outer covering of the cell
- surround each cell  separate its
contents from external environment
- composed of a bilipid layer
(proteins & carbohydrates float)
- regulates what enters & leaves
the cell
Cell Membrane
rane
Plant cell
Membrane Junctions
1. Tight junction
= formed from fusion of adjacent cell membrane
= keep digestive juices & harmful substances from damaging the
organs
4. Desmosomes
= an area of contact between two adjacent cells
= cell membrane  thickened & fine fibers (tonofibrils)
extend from the desmosome into the cytoplasm
e.g. skin
8. Gap junction
= allow all materials to pass between cells
e.g. nervous system
3. Cytoplasm
• semifluid, “factory area”

• 3 Major Elements
▫ Cytosol – semitransparent, largely
water
▫ Organelles – “little organs”,
specialized compartments, specific
functions
▫ Inclusions – nonfunctioning, stored
nutrients or cell products (pigment,
1. Mitochondria
• Tiny, threadlike
(mitos) or
• Sausage-shaped
• “powerhouse”
- ATP
2. Ribosomes
• Tiny, round, dark
bodies
• Proteins + ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
• Actual site of protein
production
3. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• “network within the
cell”
• Fluid-filled tubules or
canals
• Minicirculatory system
• 2 Types
▫ Rough ER – w/
ribosomes, protein
synthesis
▫ Smooth ER –
cholesterol
synthesis/breakdown,
4. Golgi Apparatus
• Stack of flattened membranous
sacs

• Modify and package proteins

5. Lysosomes
• “breakdown
bodies”

• digestive
enzymes

• demolition sites

▫ WBC’s
6. Peroxisomes
• Sacs containing
oxidase enzymes
• Use oxygen to
detoxify harmful
or poisonous
substances (e.g.
alcohol,
formaldehyde)
• Disarm “free
radicals”
7. Cytoskeleton
• cell’s “bones and muscles”
• cell shape
• supports other organelles
• intracellular transport
• cellular movements
 3 Types
1. Microtubules - cell
shape, cell division

3. Intermediate
filaments

5. Microfilaments
8. Centriole
• Rod-shaped bodies
• Direct the formation of mitotic spindle
• Cilia –
“eyelashes”,
hair-like e.g.
cells lining the
respiratory
system

• Flagella –
e.g. sperm
Cell Life Cycle
• 2 Major Periods
• Interphase – “metabolic phase”, cell growth,
longer phase, resting from division
- genetic material (DNA) - duplicated

• Cell division – reproduces itself

DNA Replication
• DNA – building
blocks
“nucleotides”

▫ Deoxyribose
sugar
▫ Phosphate group
▫ Nitrogen-
containing base
DNA Replication
2 Events of Cell Division
• Mitosis – division of the nucleus
2 daughter nuclei

2. Cytokinesis – division of the

cytoplasm
 Mitosis
STAGES:
• PROPHASE = chromatin coil and shorten
chromosomes, barlike bodies
▫ Chromosome = 2 strands of chromatids, held together by a
buttonlike body, centromere
 Mitosis
STAGES:
• METAPHASE – chromosomes cluster and align
at the center
 Mitosis
STAGES:
• ANAPHASE – movement of chromosomes toward
opposite ends of the cell
 Mitosis
STAGES:
• TELOPHASE – chromosomes uncoil and become
chromatin again, nuclear envelope forms around
each chromatin mass
Cell Division
 CELL PHYSIOLOGY
MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES
ACROSS CELL MEMBRANE
• Definition of terms:
▫ Solution – homogenous mixture of 2 or more
components (e.g. air, seawater, alcohol)

▫ Solvent – (dissolving medium) substance present in

the largest amount in a solution

▫ Solutes – components or substances present in smaller

amounts
Definition of Terms:
• Intracellular fluid – (nucleoplasm and
cytosol)
▫ solution containing gases (O2, CO2), nutrients
and salts dissolved in H2O.
• Interstitial fluid – fluid that bathes the
exterior of cells
▫ nutrients (amino acids, sugars, fatty acids,
vitamins), hormones, neurotransmitters, salts and
waste products.
Definition of Terms:
• Selective permeability – allows some
substances to pass through it while excluding
others

• Passive transport – substances are

transported across the membrane w/o energy
input from the cell

• Active transport – use of ATP to drive the

transport process
Passive Transport Processes
• Diffusion – movement of molecules or ions
from a region of higher to lower concentration
(concentration gradient).

Size of the molecules

Temperature
Diffusion
Simple Diffusion
MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES ACROSS CELL
MEMBRANE
PHYSICAL PROCESSES
PASSIVE PROCESS
2. Osmosis = movement of water from a
lower to higher concentration through a
semi-permeable membrane
Osmosis
MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES ACROSS
CELL MEMBRANE
PHYSICAL PROCESSES
PASSIVE PROCESS
3. Facilitated diffusi0n = protein carrier is
needed as a transport vehicle (e.g. glucose)
MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES ACROSS CELL
MEMBRANE
PHYSICAL PROCESSES
PASSIVE PROCESS
4. Filtration = process by w/c H2O and solutes are
forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by
fluid or hydrostatic pressure (pressure gradient)

e.g. filtering capacity of the kidney

Active Transport Processes

1. ACTIVE TRANSPORT - “solute pumping”

- when a cell requires protein carriers that use

ATP to move substances across the membrane

- move against concentration or electrical

gradients
Active Transport
MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES ACROSS CELL
MEMBRANE
PHYSICAL PROCESSES
REQUIRE CELL ENERGY
2. BULK TRANSPORT

a) EXOCYTOSIS – “out of the cell”

e.g. hormones, mucus, wastes
Exocytosis
MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES ACROSS CELL
MEMBRANE

PHYSICAL
PROCESSES
REQUIRE CELL
ENERGY
2. ENDOCYTOSIS –
“into the cell”

Phagocytosis – “cell
eating”, bacteria or dead
body cells
MOVEMENT of SUBSTANCES ACROSS CELL
MEMBRANE
PHYSICAL
PROCESSES
REQUIRE CELL
ENERGY
• PINOCYTOSIS
- “cell drinking”
- bulk-phase endocytosis
- droplet or extracellular fluid
containing dissolved proteins
or fats
- e.g. intestinal lining, kidney
tubules
Table. 3.2
EFFECT of OSMOSIS in CELLS
ISOTONIC = same concentration as cell fluid
= tissue fluids; blood plasma
0.9% NSS; 5% dextrose (glucose)

HYPOTONIC = lower concentration than cell fluid

= cell swells

HYPERTONIC = higher concentration than cell fluid

= cell shrinks
Effects of osmosis
 Thank you!
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