A review on public places and urban spaces-implementing urban design by mahurima roy liae lewis. Urban designers must understand where public sector interventions into the public sector development process.
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A Review on Public Places and Urban Spaces-implementing
A review on public places and urban spaces-implementing urban design by mahurima roy liae lewis. Urban designers must understand where public sector interventions into the public sector development process.
A review on public places and urban spaces-implementing urban design by mahurima roy liae lewis. Urban designers must understand where public sector interventions into the public sector development process.
DESIGN BY MADHURIMA ROY LIANE LEWIS IMPLEMENTATION THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS To facilitate the study and understanding of the development process, several models have been devised and can be grouped as follows: o Equilibrium Models: Derived from neo classical economics, these assume that development activity is structured by economic signals about effective demand, as reflected in rents, yields , etc. o Event Sequence Models: Derived from estate management, these focus on the management of stages in the development process. o Agency Models: Derived from attempts to explain the development process from a behavioural or institutional point of view, these focus on the actors in the development process and their relationship. o Structure Models : Grounded in political economy , these focus on the way markets are structured. o Institutional Models: It describes events and agencies, and explains how they relate to broader structural forces. DEVELOPMENT ROLES Each development role can be considered in terms of 5 generalized criteria: Financial Objectives: Whether the person has a primary concern for cost minimization or for profit maximization. Time Span: Whether the persons involvement and interest in the development is primarily short or long term. Design: Functionality : Whether the person has a specific concern for the developments ability to serve its functional purpose ( eg: to be used as an office ) Design: External Appearance : Whether the person is primarily concerned with the developments external appearance. Design: Relation to context : Whether the developments relation to its context is a primary concern to the developer.
LAND RELEASE STRATEGIES THE DEVELOPER - DESIGNER GAP The developer must give enough oppourtunity space to the designer to carry out a viable development. THE CONTROL PROCESS The public agencies must use a range of statutory powers not only to provide a quality threshold over which development proposals must pass, but also to guide , encourage and enable appropriate development and to enhance the public realm. It is vital for urban designers to understand where public sector interventions into the public sector development process can be most effective typically before or during the development design stage rather than after it.
DESIGN GUIDELINES Every city or place has its own design gudelines . Example: following are the guidelines of Portland,Oregon. DESIGN REVIEW AND EVALUATION MANGEMENT Management processes are central to any conception of urban design , and particularly to public sector regulatory functions The public sector has a key part to play, particularly through its management of transport, urban regeneration, conservation and cleaning and maintainence processes. TRANSPORT: A role central to securing and maintaining a high quality public realm . For the public sector, the aim should be to encourage equitable access for all sections of society by , for example, taming private car use, freeing space for pedestrians and cyclists , reducing situations of auto- dependency by providing a choice of travel modes and intergrating public transport at local and spatial scales. REGENERATION: The public sector has a key role to play in managing these processes through planning activity, but also through urban regeneration policy including land reclamation , place promotion , direct investment(eg: infrastructure), and in providing subsidies or starting capital for revolving funds.
CONSERVATION: In each location, the built heritage and the cities existing character and history must be conserved to get the essence of the city or place.
THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS Communication is an important tool that can influence decision making. The watch points in the communication process are : Ensure all involved l, understand the process of illustration. Clearly communicate the level of precision or impression to the audience. Use the appropriate technique to convey information- analytical , conceptual, perceptual , measurable. Understand the strengths and limitations of hand drawn and computer generated techniques before deciding which to use. Avoid using graphics to mislead the audience. HOLISTIC URBAN DESIGN Finally urban design is taken up as a design process and the key context : the global consequences of design , is discussed. It is necessary to have a continual questioning and inquisitive approach to urban design. As in any design process there are no right or wrong answers in urban design there are only better and worse answers , the quality of which may only be known in time. Urban designers practitioners can move beyond short sighted, hard edged, professional approaches and adopt more collaborative working relationships focused on the creation of good places. Sustainability does not require re-inventing the wheel, but, instead, is an over arching lens through which the dimensions (morphological, perceptual , social , visual ,functional , temporal) and processes ( development , control , communication) of good place making should be seen that is , a holistic view. DEFICIENCIES IN THE EXISTING URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING APPROACH The present urban planning system based on A MASTER PLAN
The master plan decides the frame of a city after 10-20 years. But, to prepare a master plan a complete team of town planners , architects , engineers, sociologists , economists , landscape and environment experts are required. And this master plan preparation takes 4-5 years. Sometimes, proposals are not executed because of lack of finance. Excessive delays are also caused during the process. Also, the implementation of urban plans in Indian cities is hampered by the fact that water and sewerage systems, power and telecommunication services, roads public transport , etc are controlled by the state governments.
Conceptualized just to cater the requirement of the urban development act. EVALUATION OF INDIAN URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLANNING PROCESS IN CONTEXT TO U.K AND OTHER WESTERN COUNTRIES In U.K. and Other Western Countries AGENCIES INVOLVED IN THE FORMATION OF PLANS: NGOs representatives of public, experts and govt. agencies equally participate in planning process. FORMULATION OF OBJECTIVES: Goals of society are set first by targeted community or group. of people.The plan has to be prepared and to achieve these goals specific short term objectives are framed. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION: People actively participate in preparation, monitoring evaluation and implementation of plan.
In India Government that prepares the plan .
Objectives are derived from the book of Urban development act and all town plans have broadly similar objectives. In India it is restricted only up to inviting objectives from public on draft plan.
In U.K. and Other Western Countries
MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE PLAN: In U.K. and in other western countries plans are periodically checked, monitored and evaluated and if required proposals are changed/ rearranged. MANPOWER AND EXPERTS: Beside general public & community participation , participation from various fields Engineering Town planning architecture, urban design, conservation experts, geographers, environmental planner, transport planners etc also takes place. USE OF MODERN TECHNIQUES: Latest techniques available are used for surveys ,collection of data, analysis of data future projections and study of existing conditions
In India
In India Urban Development Planning Process no system of monitoring/ evaluation of plan is there.
Where as in India generally town planner of the level of district town planner prepare the entire proposals.
Where as in Indian system age old visual surveys ,traffic and transport surveys are not properly conducted before formulation before formulation of plan.
URBAN DESIGN AND THE PLANNING PROCESS Urban design is incorporated into a variety of planning processes: Official planning and zoning by-law amendment applications. Site plan applications. Minor variants and consent applications. Sub division applications. 3 major steps are: Plan out the city well and then go into detailing of each building, space etc. See through the connectivity/ relationship of each building or space. Segregating the public and the non public spaces , at the same time there must be good connectivity between these spaces. Incorporating quality urban design elements into a project DOES NOT have to be expensive. Its all about responding to urban design objectives. Urban design id not simply about aesthetics or architectural design.In general terms urban design seems to facilitate: People first development. Quality public spaces and places. Better connected forms of development. Mixed use development- in a variety of different forms. More compact forms of development. Higher quality built form-both buildings, and the spaces between them. Functionally and economically successful development. Development which preserves natural and built heritage. Development that recognizes and builds local character.
CONCLUSION A strong change is required through legislation at state as well as central level for: Strengthening of State Town and Country Planning deptt by including experts from the field of Architecture, Town Planning, and Engineering conservation, Urban Design, Environment, Geography, Sociology, Economics, Manage Information Technology etc. Strengthening through modern equipment technologically advanced manpower and facilitating to assist plan formulation, implementation monitoring and renewal/ revision. New act for Urban Planning & Development should be flexible enough to address and suit problems & priorities of different towns with in the same frame work. Objectives and goals should be town specific and can address to ground problem and should be able to improve it. There should be an inherent system of monitoring and evaluation periodically and powers of modification of plan up to certain level should be made possible through local authorities to avoid delays.
UPDFI team has recommended an efficient approach that still needs more deliberations in term of: Regulating urban form of the city. Catering to problems of ecology and environment. Catering to problems of urban governance in present socio-economic framework. Re-appropriation of norms and standards required in byelaws and zoning regulation to suit lower strata of society. Each level of plan recommended needs further detailing of its contents and scope. Ensuring more public participation at level of plan formulation, evaluation, revision and implementation. Urban development plan should be made a dynamic phenomenon and should be a process rather than an end product.