Researchers:

Cajudo, Zar Jerome C.

De Chavez, Lawrence M.
Vergara, John Kevin T.

To design a Point-to-Point Microwave

Communication System in the region of
Ilocos including the provinces of Ilocos
Norte, utilizing all the theories and
ideas in microwave communication
theory.

Ilocos Norte is a province of the

Philippines in
the Ilocos region in Luzon.
Its capital is Laoag City.
Located at the northwest corner of the
island of Luzon.
The province
boarders Cagayan and Apayao to the
east, and Abra to the south.

DATA PATH PROFILE

d1(km)

d2(km) elevatio

k curve(m)

n (m)

Fresnel

Tree

Total

clearance(m)

allowance (m) Elevation of

Obstruction

24.7

13

23

0.342

24.309

13

0.4890399

3.848927849

10

27.33797

0.489

24.211

14

0.6964223

4.593079511

10

29.2895

0.587

24.113

13

0.8326077

5.022128768

10

28.85474

0.807

23.893

12

1.1342148

5.86158786

10

28.9958

1.47

23.23

13

2.0087118

7.800571868

10

32.80928

1.59

23.11

12

2.1614647

8.091735999

10

32.2532

1.69

23.01

11

2.2874647

8.324244576

10

31.61171

1.76

22.94

10

2.3749647

8.48195982

10

30.85692

1.86

22.84

11

2.4989647

8.700569731

10

32.19953

1.93

22.77

10

2.5850647

8.849186334

10

31.43425

2.05

22.65

11

2.7313235

9.096078587

10

32.8274

2.28

22.42

12

3.0069176

9.543955326

10

34.55087

2.57

22.13

13

3.3455353

10.06700858

10

36.41254

2.86

21.84

14

3.6742588

10.55000107

10

38.22426

21.7

26

3.8294118

10.77044542

10

50.59986

3.1

21.6

41

3.9388235

10.92322533

10

65.86205

3.23

21.47

51

4.0793

11.11630499

10

76.1956

3.53

21.17

46

4.3958882

11.53960523

10

71.93549

3.7

21

39

4.5705882

11.76667287

10

65.33726

3.87

20.83

37

4.7418882

11.98514486

10

63.72703

3.97

20.73

43

4.8410647

12.10983078

10

69.9509

4.16

20.54

40

5.0262588

12.3392867

10

67.36555

4.48

20.22

43

5.3285647

12.70494393

10

71.03351

4.63

20.07

49

5.4661235

12.86789036

10

77.33401

4.97

19.73

49

5.7681235

13.21858315

10

77.98671

5.19

19.51

33

5.9562882

13.43245777

10

62.38875

5.41

19.29

41

6.1387588

13.63665699

10

70.77542

5.56

19.14

39

6.2599059

13.77055781

10

69.03046

5.9

18.8

49

6.5247059

14.05879508

10

79.5835

6.05

18.65

46

6.6372059

14.17947906

10

76.81668

6.29

18.41

49

6.8117

14.36466119

10

80.17636

6.86

17.84

37

7.1989647

14.76735288

10

68.96632

6.98

17.72

40

7.2756235

14.84577042

10

72.12139

7.49

17.21

26

7.5825235

15.15564815

10

58.73817

7.86

16.84

15

7.7860235

15.35767549

10

48.1437

8.35

16.35

22

8.0307353

15.59715135

10

55.62789

8.76

15.94

27

8.2137882

15.77391084

10

60.9877

15.7

34

8.3117647

15.86770987

10

68.17947

9.16

15.54

33

8.3733176

15.92635582

10

67.29967

9.62

15.08

51

8.5335059

16.07797603

10

83.61148

9.99

14.71

53

8.6442882

16.182002

10

83.84629

11.1

13.6

42

8.88

16.40114294

10

77.28114

11.3

13.4

44

8.9070588

16.42611243

10

79.33317

11.5

13.2

46

8.9294118

16.4467108

10

81.37612

11.7

13

39

8.9470588

16.46295447

10

74.41001

12

12.7

49

8.9647059

16.47918213

10

84.44389

13

11.7

47

8.9470588

16.46295447

10

82.41001

13.2

11.5

35

8.9294118

16.4467108

10

70.37612

13.3

11.4

42

8.9188235

16.4369569

10

77.35578

13.9

10.8

17

8.8305882

16.35544813

10

52.18604

14

10.7

21

8.8117647

16.33800696

10

56.14977

14.8

9.9

8.6188235

16.15814962

10

42.77697

16

8.7

8.1882353

15.74935556

10

42.93759

16.8

7.9

10

7.8070588

15.37840721

10

43.18547

17.4

7.3

7.4717647

15.04455077

10

35.51632

17.8

6.9

13

7.2247059

14.79373097

10

45.01844

19.1

5.6

16

6.2917647

13.8055549

10

46.09732

19.4

5.3

6.0482353

13.53573895

10

38.58397

19.8

4.9

29

5.7070588

13.14842717

10

57.85549

20

4.7

17

5.5294118

12.9421699

10

45.47158

20.4

4.3

38

5.16

12.50237386

10

65.66237

20.9

3.8

17

4.6717647

11.89619602

10

43.56796

21.3

3.4

34

4.26

11.35984565

10

59.61985

21.5

3.2

32

4.0470588

11.0722884

10

57.11935

21.7

60

3.8294118

10.77044542

10

84.59986

22.2

2.5

31

3.2647059

9.944653638

10

54.20936

22.7

16

2.6705882

8.994377196

10

37.66497

23.7

13

1.3941176

6.498563144

10

30.89268

24.7

20

20

Graph of radio path profile

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69

F 17.3
1

d 1d 2
fD

(21.7)(3)
f1 17.3
(6.8GHz)(24.7km)
16.9 (22.1)
7.08(39)

f1 = 10.77044542

F= (0.6)(17.3)

d1 d 2
H
12.75k

(21
.
7
)(
3
)
(16.9)(22.1)
H =

4
4

12.75(
)
12 .75 3
3

= 21.97

H = 3.829411765 m

Highest Obstruction

60 meters

Height due to k-curve

3.829411765 meters

Tree clearance

10 meters

Fresnel clearance

10.77044542 meters

Height of signal Path

84.59985719 meters

TEO = 84.59985719 meters

Hp = TEO Ea- d1

Eb - Ea

 13 20
H p1 84.59985719m 20 3

24.7

Hp1 = 65.45005962 m
= 73.2422
Hp2Hp
= 65.45005962
= 118.0422 m+ 5m
55 37
37

16.9(
)
H = 70.005962 m
p2

39

Total Elevation of Obstruction

90
80

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69

Transmission path when the parabola height is 65.45005962 m

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69

Transmission path when the parabola height is 70.005962 m

FSL
= 92.4
20 log
log
DDkm
Ghzf +20
Free
Space
Loss +
= 92.4
+ 20flog
+20
log
Ghz
km

FSL = 92.4 + 20log (6.8) + 20log (24.7)

FSL = 136.9041173 dB

= 141. 2219573

WR137
WAVEGUIDE

Length of Rigid Waveguide

LRW = parabola ht. + parabola diameter + 6.10 m

For Site A:

LRW = 70.45005962 + 0.5B + 6.10

LRW = 76.55005962 + 0.5B

For Site B:

LRW = 70.45005962 + 0.5B + 6.10

LRW = 76.55005962 + 0.5B

Length of Flexible Waveguide

The assumed allowances for the flexible
waveguides are as follows:
For Site A :

LFW = 5 m

For Site B :

LFW = 5 m

Waveguide Loss
The total waveguide loss is
equivalent to the sum of the value of
the rigid and flexible waveguide losses.
WGLoss = RWGLoss + FWGLoss

RWGLoss = LRW x (5.8 dB/100 m)

FWGLoss = LFW x (0.3 dB / 100 m)
For site A:
WGLossA = (76. 55005962 + 0.5B) (5.8 dB/100 m)
+ (5 m) (0.3 dB / 100 m)
WGLossA = 5.939903458 + 0.029B
For site B:
WGLossB = (71. 55005962 + 0.5B) (5.8 dB/100 m)
+ (5 m) (0.3 dB / 100 m)
WGLossA = 5.939903458 + 0.029B

TFLA = 5.939903458 + 0.029B + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0

TFLA = 6.939903458 + 0.029B

TFLB = 5.939903458 + 0.029B + 0.5 + 0.5 + 0

TFLB = 6.939903458 + 0.029B

Total Loss = 136.9041173 + 2(6.939903458 + 0.029B)

Total Loss = 150.7839242 + 0.058B

U
1 %reliability
ndp

U
1 99.9999%
ndp
U
1 10 6
ndp

U
abf 1.5 D 3 3 10 7 10 FM / 10
ndp

10 FM / 10

U ndp

abf 1.5 D 3 3 10 7

U ndp

FM

log
1, 5 3
7
10

abf
D
3

10

ndp

FM 10 log
abf 1.5 D 3 3x10 7

FM 10log U
log a log b 1.5 log f 3 log D log 3 10 7
ndp

FM 10log U
log a log b 1.5 log f 3 log D log 3 10 7
ndp

FM 10log(1x10 6 ) log(0.25) log(0.125) 1.5 log(6.8) 3 log(24.7) log 3x10 7

Fade Margin = 33.98825505

Total Gain
a. Total Gain 1 = RSL PT + Total Loss
RSL = FM + IT
RSL = 33.98825505 dB + -78 dBm
RSL = - 44.01174495 dBm

PT = Transmitter power = 30 dBm

Total Loss = 150.7839242 + 0.058B

Total Gain 1 = RSL PT + Total Loss

Total Gain 1 = - 44.01174495 dBm - 30 dBm
+ (150.7839242 + 0.058B)
Total Gain 1 = 76.77217925 + 0.058B

Total Gain 2 = 2 ( Antenna Gain)

Total Gain 2 = 2 [ 20log(6.8) + 20log(B) + 17.8]

Total Gain 2 = 68.90035651 + 40log(B)

The two equations of total gain is used and manipulated

to come up with the parabola diameter of the antenna.
Parabola Diameter = B
Equating Total Gain1 and Total Gain 2 :
Total Gain 1 = Total Gain 2
76.77217925 + 0.0598B = 68.90035651 + 40logB
0.058B 40logB = 68.90035651 - 76.77217925

B = 1.581571562 m

The antenna diameter obtained is 1.581571562 m,

but the available diameter of parabolic antenna in Andrew
Catalogue 1.8 m. As a result, the antenna diameter that will
be used for site A and site B is 1.8 m.

Item 9: Parabola Diameter

The parabolic antenna consists of a parabolic dish illuminated by a

feed horn at its focus. It is available in a wide variety of size and frequency with
diameters of 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.7 and larger diameters. The simplest form is with
single plane polarized feed which can either be vertical or horizontal. Others
have dual polarized feeds with separate vertical and horizontal connections.
With the obtained diameter of 1.8 meters and frequency of 6.8 GHz, the dual
polarized UHX6-59W type of parabolic antenna with frequency band of 5.925
GHz to 7.125 GHz and top gain of 39.5 will be used in both site of the design.
The characteristic and features of UHX6-59W antenna is shown in the figure .

Item 11: Length of Rigid Waveguide

LRWA = LRWB = 76.55005962 + 0.5B

LRWA = LRWB = 76.55005962 + 0.5(1.8 m)

LRWA = LRWB = 77.45005962 m

Item 13: Flexible Waveguide Loss

FWGloss= (5 m)(0.3 dB/m)
FWGloss= 1.5 dB

Item15: Total Waveguide Loss

TWGLoss = WGlossA + WGlossB
TWGLoss = 2(5.992103458 dB)
TWGLoss = 11.98420692 dB

Item 16: Total Fixed Loss

TFLA = TFLB = 6.939903458 + 0.029B
TFLA = TFLB = 6.939903458 + 0.029(1.8 m)
TFLA = TFLB = 6.992103458 m

Item 23: Terrain / Humidity Factor

The terrain and humidity factor used in the reliability
calculation varies with the topographical characteristics of the location.
The specific region in the province of Ilocos Norte that the group picked
as the site and path location has mountainous and very rocky areas.
Thus, a 0.25 terrain factor is used.
Tomasi (2004) suggested the following values:
For very smooth terrain. Including over water = 4
For average terrain, with some roughness = 1
For mountainous, very rough, or very dry areas = 0.25

Microwave Path Data Sheet

Parameter

Unit

Municipality of Paoay,

Municipality of

Ilocos Norte

Bacarra,Ilocos Norte

Latitude

18o 03N

18o 15 N

Longitude

120o 31 E

120o 37 E

Site Elevation, Above sea level

13

20

Tower Height

71.35005962

71.35005962

3ST

3ST

Tower Type
Path length

Km

24.7

Path Attenuation

dB

136.9041173

Rigid Waveguide (WR 137)

4.492103458

4.492103458

Flexible Waveguide

Waveguide Loss

dB

A. Rigid Waveguide Loss

dB

4.492103458

4.492103458

B. Flexible Waveguide Loss

dB

1.5

1.5

Connector Loss

dB

0.5

0.5

Circular or Hybrid Loss

dB

Radome Loss

dB

0.5

0.5

Total Fixed Losses

dB

6.992103458

6.992103458

Total Losses

dB

5.992103458

5.992103458

150.8883242

Parabola Height

70.005962

70.005962

Parabola Diameter

1.8

1.8

Antenna System Gain

dB

39.55562836

39.55562836

Total Gain

dB

76.87657925

Net Path Loss

dB

74.01174495

Transmitter Power

dBm

30

30

Med. Rec. Power

dBm

-44. 01174495

-44. 01174495

Practical Threshold

dBm

-78

-78

Fade Margin(Due to Prac. Thres.)

dB

33.98825505

33.98825505

Reliability

99.9999

99.9999

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATION

Summary
After gathering all the information for the
significant factors, aspects and elements in selecting
two points for point to point microwave
communication, the proponents considered the
selection of Paoay, Ilocos Norte and Bacarra, Ilocos
Norte as their chosen location for the system.
The group completed some various stages such as
researching, analyzing, designing, and computing
the required parameters.

 The reliability of the communication system was

obtained to achieve the desired signal propagation
output. The design attained the reliability percentage of
99.9999% after the consideration of important variables,
parameters, formulas and concepts in the course of the
design.
The proponents preferred using the higher and closer
values of the components that are available to the
market. As a result, the proponents completed the design
with the accurate calculations and meet the
requirements and conditions of the tower and site
construction.

Conclusion
Based from the objectives, the group conclude that:
To obtain the necessary data and parameter calculations
before establishing the tower, a site or the location of the
two points for the point-to-point microwave design must
be chosen. After considering all the criteria and
considerations for the site selection, the proponents
come up with the proposed location: Municipality of
Paoay, Ilocos Norte to Municipality of Bacarra, Ilocos
Norte.

 To avoid violation and inconsistency in standardization of the

microwave design, recommendations of the design criteria provided

by the CCIR Recommendation 384-4 must be considered.

To verify the physical and technical aspects of the design,

parameters should

be calculated properly. These parameters

include the operating frequency, Fresnel zones, fade margins,

system gains and losses, diameter of the parabolic antenna to be
used, the height of the tower, etc.

 To accomplish percent reliability greater than

99.9999%, the losses must be minimized, the
components must be carefully chosen, and
compatible components must be utilized so as to
meet maximum reliability.
To achieve higher reliability standards, the
selection of radio equipment, antenna, tower
and waveguides should be achieved.

Recommendations
The group recommends that in choosing location of the
two sites, location points with the minimal elevation
difference and obstruction with an average height should
consider.
The members suggest Google Earth software for
simulation, exploration and investigation of the desired
location.
Repetitive and series of test and computations for
efficiency and effectiveness of the design should be
conducted to avoid error and miscalculation.

 The antenna specifications used in this design can

be replaced by other series of antennas based on the
availability in the market. Andrew Catalogue is a
good source to use in finding suitable antenna.

The proponents also recommend asking books,

journals, internet and other related materials to
gather information about the project. Basic
knowledge and understanding on communication
systems do help on easy interpretation of data.