Leader:- BRISTI SARMA

Rumana Rahman
Rizuana Ahmed
Sakshi Sharma
Kashmira Paul
Sania Ahmed
Priyansh Choradia
Shubham Gupta
Aditya Raj Dey
Sarif Hassan
Samim Ahmed
This project is curriculum of CCE under CBSE. It
has been prepared to give account of the project
on the topic DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATIC
IN DIFFERENT CIVILIZATION by GROUP:- 3
rd
of
maths. The language used on the project is very
simple and clear so that reader can understand
easily.

The main aim of this project is to make people
know about the developments of mathematic of
Indus valley civilization and Chinese civilization.
We have given short but sufficient details of our
experience while presenting our individual
contribution to the project.
I convey my hearties indebtness to the CBSE Board
for giving us an opportunity of submitting this
project.
I thanks our Principal and the teacher for
their help and guidance which made the project
work a success.
Its my privilege to thanks sir T.Rahman,
under whose guidance my project work has been
completed.
Last but not least ; I would like to thanks my
parents for their support and co-operation and
providing me the essential for this project and all
others who were directly and indirectly involved in
helping us in this project.
Mathematics is a technology available shortly after the start of a game.
As early as 1800 BC, the Egyptians had developed a system for working
with fractional numbers and simple algebraic problems. They also
formulated geometric formulae for finding area and volume, and came up
with a constant for determining the area of a circle that was very close to
the value of pi.
By about the 5th century BC, the mathematicians of Greece had greatly
contributed to both geometry and algebra.
Around the same time, advanced mathematics was applied to other
sciences and fields of study such as astronomy and mechanics.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the first
civilizations in the world, also known as the harappan
civilization.

It was located in the southwest part of present day India
along the Indus River.

This civilization started around 2500 BC the same time
as the Mesopotamias, Egyptians, and the Chinese.

The area known as Mesopotamia was thought to be the
origin of humanity, but now we think that the Indus
Valley people were just as old.

This civilization was forgotten until the 19
th
century, and
then rediscovered by the British.
The people of Indus Valley Civilization manufactured bricks
whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1. They used a
standardized system of weights, with the unit weight equaling
approx. 28 grams.

They mass-produced weights in regular geometrical shapes,
which included hexahedra, barrels, cones, and cylinders,
thereby demonstrating knowledge of basic geometry.

The inhabitants of Indus civilization also tried to standardize
measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy.

They designed a rulerthe Mohenjo-Daro rulerwhose unit
of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimeters) was
divided into ten equal parts.
Indus valley civilization is not a dessert, its a well-watered
and heavily forested place. It is 10-20 times larger than
Mesopotamia or Egypt.

Sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is
evident in Indus valley civilization.

This urban plan included the first known urban sanitation
systems: Hydraulic engineering of Indus valley civilization.

Harappan society had no rulers, and everybody enjoyed
equal status.

Harappan engineers followed the decimal division of
measurement for all practical purposes. Harappan produced
copper, tin, bronze and lead

There was literate culture as people was not
illiterate but :
We can not read their writings
Writing on brick and seals
They did not use paper or clay tablets
There scripts was in symbols.
Messages on the seals were short to be decoded
by computer
Indus Valley Civilization major cities are Harappa
and Mohenjo-Daro.
These were surrounded by small cities , towns
and villages.
One city is situated in north.
And one is situated in south.
Mohenjo-Daro of the citadel
Mohenjo-Daro(aerial view) The Great Bath
Ancient Egyptian mathematics is the mathematics that was
developed and used in Ancient Egypt circa 3000 BC to c.300 BC.
Ancient Egyptian mathematics is the use of unit fractions.
The Egyptians used some special notation for fractions such as
1/2, 1/3 and 2/3 and in some texts for 3/4, but other fractions
were all written as unit fractions of the form 1/n or sums of such
unit fractions.
During the New Kingdom mathematical problems are
mentioned in the literary Papyrus Anastasi I.
Ancient Egyptian texts could be written in either hieroglyphs or
in Hieratic. In either representation the number system was
always given in base 10.
10 is a hobble for cattle,100 is represented by a coiled rope,
1000 is represented by a lotus flower,10,000 is represented by a
finger,100,000 is represented by a frog and a million was
represented by a god with his hands raised in adoration.
The basic element in the lengthy history of Egyptian
civilization is geography.
The Nile River rises from the lakes of central Africa as the
White Nile and from the mountains of Ethiopia as the Blue
Nile.
The White and Blue Nile meet at Khartoum and flow
together northward to the Nile delta, where the 4000 mile
course of this river spills into the Mediterranean Sea.
Less than two inches of rain per year falls in the
delta and rain is relatively unknown in other parts
of Egypt. Most of the land is uninhabitable.
These geographical factors have determined the
character of Egyptian civilization.
People could farm only along the banks of the
Nile, where arid sand meets the fertile soil.
The river overflows its banks and floods the
land with fresh water and deposits a thick
layer of rich alluvial soil.
The land would then yield two harvests
before winter.
ca. 5000 B.C.
Rulers of Hierakonpolis conquered the area
Gradual process of Egypt formed into political
and social units.
Intensification of Agriculture
may have been a consequence of unification.
irrigation became more complex.
Administration, Art and Writing
Egyptian society consisted of a descending hierarchy of the
gods, the king, the blessed dead, and humanity.
King gives offerings to the gods and mortuary offerings to the
spirits.
Egyptian kings are commonly called pharaohs, following the
usage of the Old Testament.
The term pharaoh is derived from the Egyptian per aa (great
estate) and dates to the designation of the royal palace as an
institution.
The choice of queen seems to have been free; often the
queen was a close relative of the king, but she also might be
unrelated to him.
Sons of the chief queen seem to have been the preferred
successors to the throne, but other sons could also become
king.
Writing was a major instrument in the centralization of the
Egyptian state and its self-presentation.
The two basic types of writinghieroglyphs, which were used
for monuments and display, and the cursive form known as
hieraticwere invented at much the same time in late
predynastic Egypt (c. 3000 bc).
The dominant visible legacy of ancient Egypt is in works of
architecture and representational art. Until the Middle
Kingdom, most of these were mortuary: royal tomb
complexes, including pyramids and mortuary temples, and
private tombs.
There were also temples dedicated to the cult of the gods
throughout the country, but most of these were modest
structures.
From the beginning of the New Kingdom, temples of the gods
became the principal monuments; royal palaces and private
houses, which are very little known, were less important.
Administration, Art and Writing