PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS

Ns. IRA ERWINA, M. Kep, Sp. KepJ

Prevalensi hiv/aids
Akhir tahun 2010 tercatat bahwa :
34 juta jiwa hidup dengan HIV
2,7 juta jiwa kasus baru yang terinfeksi HIV
1,8 juta jiwa meninggal karena penyakit yang
timbul akibat AIDS
PENDAHULUAN
Terjadi penurunan angka infeksi HIV di seluruh
penjuru dunia
Sekitar 26% jika dibandingkan dengan epidemi
yang terjadi pada tahun 1997
Tapi di negara di kawasan eropa timur dan
asia tengah, kasus baru infeksi HIV meningkat
Sedangkan di daerah Oceania, timur tengah
dan afrika utara, angkanya tetap

PENYEBAB TIMBULNYA PENURUNAN ANGKA INFEKSI
HIV
Changes in sexual behavior
Reduce the number of sexual partners
Increase the use of condoms
Waiting longer before becoming sexually
active
Increases of male circumcision

5 LANGKAH PENCEGAHAN HIV/AIDS
1. Provide leadership for a strong national
response
2. Know your epidemic and current response
3. Prioritize and tailor your response to the
epidemic
4. Set ambitions, realistic and measurable
prevention targets
5. Use strategicinformation to stay on course
(UNAIDS, 2008)
BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK MENGURANGI
RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?
Hindari transmisi melalui cairan
Reduce your sexual risks
Dont have sex
Be monogamous
Get test and know your partners status
Use condom consistenly and correctly
Jika pasangan anda terinfeksi HIV (mixed-status),
use condom and dental dam
Communication with your partner
Safer sex practice

BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK MENGURANGI
RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?
If you are injection drug :
Never use or share drug preparation equipment
Use a new equipment
Only use syringe from a reliable resource
Use sterile water to prepare drugs
Use a new or desinfected container and a new filter
each time you prepare drugs
Before inject, clean the inject site with a new alcohol
swab
Safely dispose of syringe after one use
BAGAIMANA CARA UNTUK MENGURANGI
RESIKO TERINFEKSI ?
If you are prenant :
an HIV-positive mother receives antiretroviral drugs
during pregnancy, labor, and delivery
Has a baby by caesarian section
Avoids breastfeeding
newborn babies are also given treatment after birth
Use blood tranfusion and organ donation that
free from HIV
PEP (post exposure prophylaxis)
Post exposure prophylaxis (pep)
Biasanya digunakan pada orang yang terpapar
HIV.
Ada dua jenis PEP :
1. Occupational PEP (oPEP)
seseorang yg bekerja di pelayanan kesehatan
potensial terpapar bahan yang terinfeksi HIV
2. Non-occupational PEP
seseorang potensial terpapar HIV diluar area kerja
(mis : kondom yg rusak, aniaya seksual)
Post exposure prophylaxis (pep)
PEP yang efektif harus dimulai dalam waktu 72
jam semenjak terpapar.
PEP terdiri dari 2-3 obat antiretroviral yang
harus dikonsumsi selama 28 hari
Pengobatan dgn PEP memiliki efek samping yg
berat, sehingga sangat sulit utk mengakhiri
pengobatan
PEP TDK MENJAMIN SESEORANG YG
TERPAPAR HIV TIDAK TERJANGKIT HIV
Tipe-tipe test HIV
1. Antibodi test
Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) tests use blood, oral
fluid, or urine to detect HIV antibodies. Results for
these tests can take up to two weeks.
Rapid HIV antibody tests also use blood, oral fluid,
or urine to detect HIV antibodies. Results for these
tests can take 1020 minutes.
If you get a positive result from either of these tests,
you will need to take another test, called a Western
blot test, to confirm that result. It can take up to two
weeks to confirm a positive result.
Tipe-tipe test HIV
2. Antigen test
can be used to diagnose HIV infection earlierfrom 1-3 weeks
after you are first infected with HIV. Antigen tests require a
blood sample.
3. PCR test (polimerase chain reaction)
This test detects the genetic material of HIV itself, and can
identify HIV in the blood within 2-3 weeks of infection.
Babies born to HIV-positive mothers are tested with a special
PCR test, because their blood contains their mother's HIV
antibodies for several months. This means they would test
HIV-positive on a standard antibody testbut a PCR test can
determine whether the babies have HIV themselves.
Blood supplies in most developed countries are screened for
HIV using PCR tests. PCR tests are also used to measure viral
loads for people who are HIV-positive.

FREKUENSI UNTUK TEST HIV
CDC merekomendasikan utk test HIV setiap
melakukan medical check-up
1 kali setahun, jika menggunakan jarum suntik
bersama, punya riwayat IMS, have had
unprotected sex with mutiple or anonymous
partner
1 kali dalam 3-6 bulan jika seorang memiliki
resiko tinggi
Trimester pertama dan trimester ketiga jika
hamil
TEST HIV SELAMA PERIODE JENDELA
Periode jendela (window period) adl masa
dimana mulai terpapar HIV sampai positif
menderita HIV
Biasanya selama 3-6 bulan
Rata-rata butuh waktu 2-8 minggu dari waktu
terpapar utk mendapatkan hasil tes yg akurat

Pre-post test counseling
Pre test konseling :
Informasi ttg tes HIV
Informasi ttg penularan HIV dan bagaimana cara
melindungi diri
Informasi ttg kerahasiaan hasil test
Penjelasan yg mudah dipahami ttg arti dari hasil
test
Post test konseling :
Penjelasan ttg hasil test
Konseling pencegahan HIV jika hasil test negatif
Western blot test, jika hasil positif


Jika hasil test : positif
CARILAH DOKTER YANG BERPENGALAMAN
DALAM MENANGANI HIV
JALANI PEMERIKSAAN UNTUK PENYAKIT LAIN,
SEPERTI : IMS DAN TB
PERTAHANKAN GAYA HIDUP YANG SEHAT
SAFER SEX PRACTICE AND USE CONDOM
CONSISTENLY AND CORRECTLY
TELL YOUR PARTNER(S) ABOUT YOUR HIV
STATUS BEFORE YOU HAVE ANY TYPE OF
SEXUAL CONTACT (VAGINAL, ANAL, OR ORAL)
AND DONT SHARE NEEDLES OR SYRINGES.
MITOS SEPUTAR HIV
If you have HIV, you can be cured if you have sex with a
virgin.
THERES NO CURE FOR HIV
Antiretrovirals will cure HIV/AIDS.
medicines control the virus and slow the progression of HIV
infection NOT cure it
Drinking, bathing in, or douching with bleach will prevent
HIV.
Bleach will kill HIV on injection needles and other surfaces, but
is not safe or effective to use it in your mouth or on/in other
parts of your body
The U.S. government created HIV/AIDS.
HIV came from nature, most likely from a particular species of
monkey in Africa. HIV was probably transferred to humans when
they hunted and ate the infected monkeys