Cell Division

Mitosis

When does DNA Replication
takes place?
G0 Phase Terminally
differentiated cells
withdraw from cell
cycle indefinitely
M Phase Mitosis
(nuclear division) and
cytokinesis (cell
division) yield two
daughter cells
G2 Phase No
DNA synthesis,
RNA and protein
synthesis continue
S Phase DNA
REPLICATION
where DNA synthesis
doubles the amount of
DNA in the cell. RNA
and protein also
synthesised
Restriction point
A cell that passes
this point is
committed to pass
into S phase
G1 Phase RNA and
protein synthesis. No
DNA synthesis
Reentry point A
cell returning from
G0 enters at early
G1 phase
The cell
cycle can
be divided
into four
major
stages:
M phase
G1 phase
S phase
G2 phase
Lehninger et al. (2000) Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd ed.
Chromatin is a mass of uncoiled DNA and
associated proteins called histones.
When cell division begins, DNA coils
around the proteins forming visible
structures called chromosomes

Diploid cells (2N) have two complete sets of
chromosomes. The body cells of animals are
diploid.
Haploid cells have one complete set of
chromosomes. In animals, gametes (sperm and
eggs) are haploid.

Learning objectives
Explain that there are two different types
of cell division in most organisms, both
with different purposes
Using diagrams, describe the behaviour
of chromosomes during mitotic cell
cycle in eukaryotes. Include reference to
: mitosis, growth (G
1
and G
2
), and DNA
replication.
Describe the difference between sister
chromatids and homologous
chromosomes.

Learning objectives
Identify and describe the following
events in mitosis: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase and telophase
With respect to both plant and animal
cells, understand the term cytokinesis,
and distinguish between nuclear division
and division of cytoplasm
Explain the importance of mitosis in
growth and repair, and asexual
reproduction
Introduction to Cell and
Nuclear Division- MITOSIS
Mitosis:
process which a nucleus divides to produce
two genetically identical daughter nuclei,
each with same number and same kind of
chromosomes as original nucleus in parent cell.


Mitosis is conventionally divided into five
phases:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis is well underway by late
telophase
BioFlix: Mitosis
Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 12-5
S
(DNA synthesis)
G
1

G
2

Mitosis is conventionally divided into five
phases:
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis is well underway by late
telophase
DNA REPLICATION BEFORE
MITOSIS TAKES PLACE ie
DURING INTERPHASE
Fig. 12-4
0.5 m Chromosomes
Chromosome
duplication
(including DNA
synthesis)
Chromo-
some arm
Centromere
Sister
chromatids
DNA molecules
Separation of
sister chromatids
Centromere
Sister chromatids
G
2
of Interphase
Centrosomes
(with centriole
pairs)
Chromatin
(duplicated)
Nucleolus Nuclear
envelope
Plasma
membrane
Early mitotic
spindle
Aster Centromere
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids
Prophase Prometaphase
Fragments
of nuclear
envelope
Nonkinetochore
microtubules
Kinetochore Kinetochore
microtubule
Metaphase
Metaphase
plate
Spindle
Centrosome at
one spindle pole
Anaphase
Daughter
chromosomes
Telophase and Cytokinesis
Cleavage
furrow
Nucleolus
forming
Nuclear
envelope
forming













Prophase
Fig. 12-6a
G
2
of Interphase
Fig. 12-6b
Prophase G
2
of Interphase
Aster Centromere Early mitotic
spindle
Chromatin
(duplicated)
Centrosomes
(with centriole
pairs)
Nucleolus Nuclear
envelope
Plasma
membrane
Chromosome, consisting
of two sister chromatids
Mitosis (Prophase)
Qn: What are the key events in prophase?

Condensation of chromatin to visible
chromosomes

Formation of spindle fibres

Breakdown of nuclear membrane and nucleolus.

Fig. 12-6d
Metaphase Anaphase
Telophase and Cytokinesis
Cleavage
furrow
Nucleolus
forming
Metaphase
plate
Centrosome at
one spindle pole
Spindle
Daughter
chromosomes
Nuclear
envelope
forming
Fig. 12-6c
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and Cytokinesis
Fig. 12-7
Microtubules Chromosomes
Sister
chromatids
Aster
Metaphase
plate
Centrosome
Kineto-
chores
Kinetochore
microtubules
Overlapping
nonkinetochore
microtubules
Centrosome
1 m
0.5 m
Mitosis (Metaphase)
Metaphase:
Chromosomes migrate to equator of spindle.

Sister chromatids align right angles to spindle
fibres.

Chromosomes attached to spindle fibres at
kinetochore of centromeres.
kinetochore
Mitosis (Anaphase)
Anaphase:
Centromeres duplicate, so each sister
chromatid move to opposite poles. Hence, sister
chromatids separate

Each sister chromatid with own centromere
called a chromosome.

Paired chromosomes pulled by shortening of
centromere-to-pole spindle fibres.

Energy requiring process
Mitosis (Telophase)
Telophase:
Chromosomes reach respective poles of
spindle.

They uncoil and lengthen into
chromatin threads again.
Mitosis (Telophase)
Spindle fibres disintegrate.

Nuclear envelope reforms around
chromosomes at each pole.

Nuceloli reappear.
Cytokinesis
Mitosis is usually followed by cytokinesis (cell
splitting).

In animal cells:
Cytokinesis begins in mid or late telophase.

Constriction of cell surface membrane which cuts
across equator of spindle.
Cytokinesis in animal cell
A ring of actin microfilaments where cleavage furrow
develops involved in constriction.
Cytokinesis (Plant cells)
In plant cells:
Plants have rigid cell walls and cannot divide by
pinching-in.

Fig. 12-9b
Daughter cells
(b) Cell plate formation in a plant cell (TEM)
Vesicles
forming
cell plate
Wall of
parent cell
New cell wall Cell plate
1 m
Cytokinesis (Plant cells)
Golgi vesicles line up in middle of parent cell.

They fuse to form a cell plate extending across
equator.

Golgi vesicles contents contribute to new cell wall.

Their membranes form plasma membranes of
daughter cells.
Spreading cell plate fuses with parent cell wall,
separating two daughter cells.

The Significance of Mitosis
1. Genetic stability
Two nuclei same number and same kind of chromosomes as
parent cell

Chromosome constitution preserved because:
Chromosomes of parent nucleus replicate at interphase.

Arrangement of sister chromatids at equator of spindle such that
each chromatid faces opposite poles at metaphase.

Separation of identical sister chromatids at anaphase.
Fig. 12-2
100 m 200 m 20 m
(2) Reproduction (3) Growth and
development
(4) Tissue renewal
The Significance of Mitosis
2. Asexual reproduction
Binary fission in bacteria and vegetative
propagation in plants.

Offspring genetically similar as parent (clone).

Offspring have advantages of parents in
mastering same habitat, and also parents
disadvantages.
Fig. 12-11-4
Origin of
replication
Two copies
of origin
E. coli cell
Bacterial
chromosome
Plasma
membrane
Cell wall
Origin Origin
The Significance of Mitosis
3. Growth and development
Increase in cell number for growth and
development.

E.g. development of foetus into adult human
being.
The Significance of Mitosis
4. Regeneration and cell replacement

Regeneration of missing parts in flat worm,
wound healing.

Damaged tissues repaired and new cells
genetically identical to cells being replaced.