Thermo & Stat Mech -

Spring 2006 Class 21 1

Thermodynamics and Statistical
Mechanics
Blackbody Radiation
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 2
Classical Energy Equipartition
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
ln ln ln
ln ln ln ln
c c c c
| | |
c c c c
+ + = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
+ + =
=
+ + =
N
U
Z Z Z
N
U
Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z
V V V
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 3
Classical Energy Equipartition
dz e Z
dx e Z kx
dL e Z
I
L
dp e Z
m
p
az
kx
I
L
m
p
}
}
}
}

=
= =
= =
= =
2
2
2
1
2
2
form of All
Potential Spring

2
Rotation

2
Dim) (1 n Translatio
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
|
|
|
|
c
c
c
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 4
Classical Energy Equipartition
2

1
here w
2
1 ln
ln ln
2
1
ln ln ln
1
2
kT
kT
Z
a a
Z
a a
dz e Z
az
=
= =
c
c
=
+ = + =
= = =
}

c
|
| |
c
t
|
t
|
t
|
|
t
|
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 5
Quantum Harmonic Oscillator
1
1
exitations no. avg.
exitation
energy

iew Einstein v - Bose
1
ere wh
1
energy excitation Average

=
=
=

= =
e |
e |
e c
c
|
e
c

e
kT e N
U
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 6
Energy of EM Waves in a Cavity
Calculate the number of standing wave states
in the frequency range between e and e + de.
Then Bose-Einstein statistics is used to
determine the number of photons in each state.
With that information the energy can be
calculated.
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 7
Density of States (Lec 17)
e e
t
e e
e e
t

d
c
V
d g
c
d dk
c
k
dk k
V
dk k g
2
3 2
2
2
2
) (
2
) (
=
|
.
|

\
|
= =
=
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 8
Density of States for Photons
e e
t
e e

e e
t
e e
d
c
V
d g
d
c
V
d g
2
3 2
2
3 2
) (
ons polarizati Two 2
2
) (
=
=
=
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 9
Photon Energy
( ) 1
1
1

) ( ) (
2 3
3
2
2 3

= =
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
e |
e |
t
e e
e e
t
e
e e e e

e c
d
V
dU
du
d
c
V
e
d g f dU
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 10
Photon Energy
( )
( ) ( ) 1
8
1
Use,
1
3
3 3 2 3 3
3
2 3
3

=
=

= =
c | c |
e |
c c t
t
c c
c e
t
e e
e
d
c h e c
d
du
e c
d
V
dU
du

Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006

Class 21 11
Graph
Black Body Radiation
0
5E+17
1E+18
1.5E+18
2E+18
2.5E+18
3E+18
3.5E+18
4E+18
4.5E+18
0 1 2 3 4 5
Photon Energy (eV)
E
n
e
r
g
y

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
5000
6000
7000
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 12
Total Energy Density
( ) ( )
4 - 3 - 16 4
4
3 3
4 5 4
4
3 3
0
3
4
3 3
0
3
3 3
K m J 10 55 . 7
15
8
15
) (
8
1
) (
8
1
8
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

} }
a aT u
T
c h
k
kT
c h
u
e
dx x
kT
c h e
d
c h
u
x
t t t
t c c t
c |
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 13
Energy Flux
4 - 2 - 8
2 3
4 5
4
4
K m W 10 67 . 5
15
2
4
1
4
1
4
1
flux Energy
4
1
14) (Lec flux Particle
=
= = =
= =
= u

o
t
o o
c h
k
ca T e
caT uc e
v n
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 14
Human Eye and the Sun
It is often stated in textbooks that the peak
sensitivity of the human eye is at the
wavelength at which the energy radiated
by the sun is maximum.
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 15
Human Eye
Peak at 555 nm
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 16
A Problem?
The graph of the energy density as a
function of frequency, for a blackbody at
a temperature of 5800 K, has a maximum
at 1.41 eV. Photons of that energy have a
wavelength of 879 nm, which is out of the
visible spectrum, in the infrared. What is
wrong?
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 17
Solution
The energy density is plotted as a function
of energy, while the eyes sensitivity is
plotted as a function of wavelength. If we
plot the energy density as a function of
wavelength, its peak does not occur at 879
nm. How can this be?
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 18
Change to Wavelength
( )
( )

c
c
c t
c
c c t
c c
c |
c
c
c |
d
d
R R d R d R du
e c h
R
d R
e
d
c h
du
= = =

=
=

=
1
8
1
8
3
3 3
3
3 3
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 19
Wavelength Spectrum
( )
( )
( )
( ) 1
8
1
/ 8
1
8
/ 5
2 /
3
3 3 2
3
3 3
2

=
= = =
|

| c |

t

t

c t

c

c
hc
hc
e
hc
R
hc
e
hc
c h
hc
e c h
R
hc
d
d hc
d
d
R R
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 20
Graph
Black Body Radiation
-500000
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
0 2E-07 4E-07 6E-07 8E-07 1E-06 1E-06
Wavelength (m)
E
n
e
r
g
y

D
e
n
s
i
t
y
5000
5800
7000
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 21
Agreement
The maximum of the graph for 5800 K,
the temperature of the suns surface has a
maximum at 500 nm, in reasonable
agreement with the peak sensitivity of the
human eye.
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 22
Wien Displacement Law
K m 10 90 . 2
96 . 4
0
: find To . at occurs Peak
3
max
max max
= =
=

k
hc
T
d
dR

Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006

Class 21 23
Photon Gas
3
0
2
0
3
0 0
3
4 4
3
4
4
4
4
aVT dT T aV S
T
dT T
aV
T
dT C
T
Q d
S
V aT
T
U
C
V aT U aT u
T
T T
V
T
V
V
= =
= = =
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
= =
}
} } }
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 24
Helmholtz Function
V aT F
aVT T V aT TS U F
aVT S V aT U
4
3 4
3 4
3
1
3
4
3
4
=
= =
= =
Thermo & Stat Mech - Spring 2006
Class 21 25
Pressure
u
V
U
P
aT
V
F
P
V aT F aVT S V aT U
N T
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
1
3
4
4
,
4 3 4
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
= = =