TPS-I EXPANSI ON

2 X 210 MW Units
GENERATOR
EXCITATION
SYSTEM
TURBI NE GENERATOR
GRI D
Gen. Breaker
Generation of Electrical Energy
The electrical machine which converts mechanical
energy into electrical energy which is an alternating
current (AC) in nature is called as AC generator or
Alternator.


Michael Faraday Law
A Voltage potential could be induced
by passing a conductive material
through a flux field. This principle is
termed as Electromagnetic induction.
SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
As per Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
induction, the synchronous generator should
have the following three essential
constructional requirements.
1. System of conductor or coils
2. Field System
3. Relative motion between the two system
Types of construction of
Synchronous Generator
There are two ways in which the
synchronous generator can be constructed.

1. Keeping the field system stationary and
allowing the system of conductors to rotate
2. Keeping the system of conductors
stationary and allowing the field system to
rotate
Advantages of Rotating Field system
1. The field system requires about 2% of the power
capacity of the machine. Therefore this small
amount of power can be easily supplied to the
rotating field system via slip rings and brushes.

2. If the conductors are stationary, it is easier to
provide necessary insulation proportional to the
Voltage rating.

3. Insulation to stationary system of conductors is
not subjected to mechanical stress due to
centrifugal action

4. It is easy to provide necessary cooling
arrangement for a stationary system of conductors.

5. Firm stationary connection between external
circuit and system of conductors enable the
machine to handle large amounts of electrical
energy.

Advantages of Rotating Field system
Field winding
Armature winding
Armature structure
or Stator
Field structure
or Rotor
Three Phase Generator
When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors are cut by the magnetic flux,
hence they have induced EMF produced in them. Because the magnetic poles
are alternatively N and S, they induce an EMF and hence current in armature
conductors which first flow in one direction and then into other. Hence an
alternating EMF is produced in the stator conductors whose frequency depends
on the number of N & S pole.
a
a
b
b
c
c
N
S
Excitation System
It is a system which supplies the field
current to the rotor winding of a
synchronous machine.

Excitation
system
Stator
Rotor
Types of Excitation System
Excitation of alternators may be executed
through two main systems.

1. Rotating excitation uses rotating system
to feed excitation
2. Static excitation uses static rectifiers
to feed excitation
Excitation with standby alternators
3 ~
G
~ ~
G
G
AC
DC
AC DC
Main
Alternator
Standby
Alternator
Excitation
system
Rectifier
PMG
Grid
Gen. Br.
Brushless Excitation
3 ~
G
~ ~
G
G
AC
DC
DC
Main
Alternator
Standby
Alternator
Excitation
system
Rectifier
PMG
Gen. Br.
Grid
AC
Static Excitation System

The system is STATIC because the machine field gets
power from an electrical source without moving parts and
use static Thyristors to supply the direct current.

3 ~
G
DC
Alternator
Excitation
system
Gen. Br.
Grid
AC
Advantages of Static Excitation compared to
Rotating Excitation
1. Performance is higher.
2. Lesser maintenance problems due to lack of
mechanical movement.
3. Higher reliability.
4. Precision control of system is possible.
Main Parts of Static
Excitation System
Static Excitation system consists of three main parts:
1) Power Section : The power section supplies the excitation current
to the rotor windings of the synchronous machine.
2) Control Section : The control section guarantees the remarkable
electric quantities control and protection.
3) Excitation Transformer: It supplies the required AC power to the
Excitation system.
AC
Supply
Control
Power ~
Gen Bkr.
Gen
Rotor
Grid
Ex. Tr.
POWER SECTION OF EXCITATION SYSTEM
Power section consists of
Incoming isolating switch
Fuses
Thyristor Bridge or IGBT
Field Breaker
Fuse
3 Phase
AC
Supply
Field
Breaker
DC
Output
Isolating
Switch
R+
R-
S+ T+
S- T-
R
S
T
De-Energyzation system
Field Breaker
Rotor
Discharge
Resistor
~
Power
Converter
Gen
Merits of Static De-energyzation system
For the energy stored in the inductive load,
De-energyzation system provides a rapid
discharge of the static type instead of
electro-mechanical type.

Helps to discharge the overvoltage caused
due to opening on alternating circuit side.

Static De-energyzation provides a path for
circulation of reverse current that will be
produced during asynchronous operation.
Control section
The Control system keeps the Generator
output voltage constant by controlling the field
energy supplied to the rotor.
Control
Voltage
Error
Signal
Increase
Decrease
Comparator
Gen. Voltage
Feedback
Limiters
Reference
Value
Generator
Actual
Value
Generator
+
-
PID
Controller
Firing Pulse
Generator
IExe
VExe
TYPES OF CONTROL SECTION OF EXCITATION SYSTEM
Single Control Channel and
single Power Converter.
Control
Control - 1
Control - 2
Control - 1
Control - 2
Three types of control sections are available
Double Control Channel and
single Power Converter.
Double Control Channel and
Double Power Converter
Excitation Transformer
It is a cast resin dry type transformer.
It is directly connected to the generator
terminals and feeding power to the field of
the machine via thyristor converter.
It is natural air cooled transformer.
It is having Short circuit proof and high
overload capacity.
The transformer is moisture proof.

Excitation Transformer
Because of moisture proof, the transformer
can be directly switched on without
predrying the same after long interruption
from service.
The transformer is maintenance free.
The transformer has been provided with
instantaneous overcurrent protection and
delayed overcurrent protection.
The transformer has been provided with
over temperature protection.

EXCITATION SYSTEM
AVR-1
AVR-2
AVR
Manual
Pulse
Generator
AVR
Manual
Pulse
Generator
Thy.
Bridge-1
Thy.
Bridge-2
~
GB
Bus
Gen
Rotor
Field
Flashing
Rectifier
Field
Breaker
Ex. Tr.
AC
DC
AC
Functions of Excitation system
In addition to holding terminal voltage of a
Generator constant, excitation system has to
contribute the following functions also

Maintenance of stable operation of machine under
steady state, transient and dynamic conditions.
Satisfactory operation with other machines
connected in parallel.
Effective utilization of machine capabilities
without exceeding machine operating limits.
Advantages of AVR
1. The response time for any
variation is less.
2. Steady state error is small.
3. The settling time is less.
4. The system remains stable for a
wide range of operating points.
5. Limiters can be incorporated.
Types of AVR
1. Analog type AVR

2. Digital type AVR
Advantages of Digital AVR
Lesser number of Electronic cards.
Better configuration and control.
Fast reaction to network disturbances.
Troubleshooting easier.
User- friendly software can be used for
setting parameters and measuring variables.
Easy adaptation to customers requirements
( logic changes ) even at site without any
hardware modifications.
Self monitoring and fault diagnosis features.
LIMITERS
The Limiters incorporated in the Excitation
system are

1. Maximum Excitation current Limiter.
2. Minimum Excitation current Limiter.
3. Rotor Angle Limiter.
4. Maximum stator current Limiter.
Protections in Excitation System
1. Over Excitation protection.
2. Over Voltage protection.
3. Unbalanced current protection.
4. AVR Failure.
5. Thyristor Bridge cooling failure.
Other Important features of Excitation system
1. AVR Follow-up:
When AVR-1 is in service, AVR-2 will follow AVR-1.
When AVR-2 is in service, AVR-1 will follow AVR-2.
Anytime, AVR can be changed without any disturbance in
the system.

2. PLC ( Programmable Logic Control):
All the Logics in Excitation system are controlled by PLC.
Hence monitoring, diagnosis of fault and modifications
are easier.

Panel Arrangement of Excitation System
Fan - 1
Control
Panel
Power
Converter - 1
Power
Converter - 2
Field
Breaker
Display
Fan - 2
Technical Specification of Excitation System:
Nominal Excitation Voltage : 346 Volts.
Nominal Excitation Current : 2725 Amps.
No-Load Excitation Current : 1005 Amps.
AVR Accuracy : 0.2%
AVR Response Time : <50 msec.
Range of Automatic Voltage Regulation : 85% to 110%
Range of Manual mode Regulation : 30% to 110%

Generator Details:
Power : 283 MVA.
Voltage : 15.75 KV.
Current : 10392 Amps
Frequency : 50 Hz
Rated Speed : 3000 rpm.
Power Factor : 0.85
Synchronization
The process of connecting an Alternator to
the Grid or common supply bus-bars is called as
Synchronizing. The following three conditions
are to be satisfied for synchronizing.

1. The terminal voltage magnitude of the incoming
Alternator must be equal to the bus-bar voltage
magnitude.
2. The phase sequence of the incoming Alternator
voltage must be equal to the bus-bar voltage
phase sequence.
3. The frequency of the incoming Alternator
voltage must be same as the frequency of bus-bar
voltage.
Synchronization
The first condition can be satisfied by adjusting
the field current supplied by the excitation system.
This can be checked in the Double voltmeter.
The second condition gets satisfied if the
connections of the terminals of the alternator are
correct. This can be checked by Phase sequence
meter.
The third condition can be satisfied by adjusting
the speed of the prime mover. This can be checked
in the synchroscope.
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