Ch21 Lecture

Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E __________ Chapter 21
Copyright 2005Brooks/ColeThomson Learning

The Grab Bag
Protists and the
Purebred Fungi
Chapter 21
Eukaryotes
DNA contained in nucleus
surrounded by membrane
Other membrane organelles
mitochondria, chloroplasts
Protists
Eukaryotes
Diverse group, up to 12
kingdoms?
Most are single cells
Do not fit with plants, animals or
fungi
Heterotrophic or photosynthetic
Sexual or asexual reproduction
Examples of Protists
Protist Reproduction
Some diploid, produce haploid
gametes
Some always haploid and
asexual
Some haploid with short lived
diploid zygote
Some alternate generations with
multicellular haploid phase
Protist
Reproduction
6 Groups of Protists
Classification is controversial
Based on DNA sequences
Discricristales
Chromaveolates
Radiolarians and foraminifera
Amebas
Red algae
Green algae
Classification of Protista
Discricristales
Euglenophytes, eye spot
Heterotrophs in the dark,
photosynthesis in the light, use
chlorophyll a and b
No cell wall
Trypanosomes cause sleeping
sickness

Discricristales 2
Flagellates
Single celled heterotrophs
Fresh or salt water or parasites
Acrasiomycota, acrasid slime molds
Plentiful nutrients, separate, ameba-
like
Scarce nutrients, aggregate to form
slug; make fruiting body to produce
spores asexually
Acrasid Slime Mold
Chromalveolates
Diverse group with 2 major
lineages:
Dinoflagellates, apicomplexans,
ciliates
Water molds, golden algae,
diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Single celled
plankton
Rigid cell
wall called a
test
2 flagella
Basis of
aquatic food
chains
Red Tide
Dinoflagellate
population
explosion
Some release
toxins that
get into food
chain, making
shell fish
poisonous and
killing fish

Apicomplexa
All parasites; complex life cycle
Malaria plasmodium

Ciliates
Free-living,
single-cell
heterotroph
fresh and
salt water
Move with
cilia
Most lack
shells

Oomycota
Behave like molds extend
hyphae-like threads into host,
absorb nutrients
Parasitic or saprophytic (live on
dead organisms)
Reproduce sexually; life cycles
include haploid and diploid phases
Some cause disease potato
blight
Golden Algae
Single-celled and colonial forms;
most are plankton
Reproduce asexually
Swarmer cells
Mature colony splits
Can form cysts
Phaeophytes - Brown Algae
Seaweeds
Multicellular, live
in temperate sea
Reproduce
sexually
Alternation of
haploid and
diploid
generations
Diatoms
Most are
single cells
Silica test
Free-floating
in fresh or
salt water
Reproduce sexually and asexually
Radiolaria
Glass-like
skeletons
Free-living
plankton
Reproduce
sexually or
asexually
Some are
predators
Foraminifera
Marine organisms
Sand or mineral tests
Live in sand or
attached to
organisms, some
free-floating
Form chalky
sediments
Alternation of
generations
Amoebazoa
Amebas are Rhizopoda
Live in oceans, fresh water, soil
and as parasites
Move with pseudopodia
Reproduce by simple cell division
Plasmodial slime molds are
relatives no cell
boundaries(multinuclear); sexual
reproduction from fruiting body
Amoeba proteus
Rhodophytes (Red Algae)
Seaweed in tropical seas
Coralline algae deposit calcium in cell
walls, contribute to coral reefs
Cell walls may contain cellulose,
more often agar and carrageenan
Agar used in jellies, other foods
Carrageenan stabilizes oil/water
emulsions in salad dressing
Reproduce sexually; complex life
cycles

Chlorophytes-Green Algae
Ancestors of
plants?
Photosynthetic
with
chlorophyll a
and b
Some
multicellular,
most free
living
Protists and Chlorphyll
Fungi
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic decomposers
Cell walls with chitin
Absorb food after external
digestion
Reproduce sexually or asexually
Fungal Structure
Hyphae: thread-like
filaments form
mycelium1
Some have no cell boundaries: coenocytic
Dikaryotic have septa between cells, but
are perforated
Fungi Classification
3 phyla:

Zygomycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes

Zygomycetes
Mycelim is
coenocytic
Asexual
reproduction
by spores in
sporangia
Sexual reproduction
by forming
zygosporangium
with haploid spores
Ascomycetes
Yeast, molds, cup
fungi and lichens
Sexual spores
produced in
asci
Hyphae have
perforated
septa
Penicillium
and
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Basidomycetes
Called club fungi for basidium reproductive
structure that produces spores
Also
includes
rusts and
smuts,
plant
parasites
that do not
produce
basidiocarp
Thinking About the Possibilities
If you wanted to invent a new
fungicide that would kill fungal
cells but not human cells, what
differences between the biology
of fungal cells and biology of
human cells might you exploit?
Fungi
Ecological
Roles
Some are
predatory
Most are
recyclers:

Decompose organic matter, make nutrients
available
Symbiotic associations
Lichens
Associations of fungi with
photosynthetic partners (alga or
cyanobacteria)
Fungus extracts nutrients from rock,
alga provide energy
Reproduce by fragmentation

Lichens
Mycorrhizae
Fungal association with plant
roots
Fungi obtain sugar from plant
Fungi supply phosphate and
metal ions to plant
Plants without mycorrhizae do
not grow as well
Mycorrhizae
and Plants
Evolution of Fungi
Fossil record is poor no hard
parts
Zygomycetes were probably
earliest simplest life cycle
Ascomycetes developed from
zygomecetes
Basidomycetes derive from
zygomycetes
Thinking About the Possibilities
Identify an edible (for humans)
example from each of the groups
we have discussed.
Key Concepts
Protists and fungi are eukaryotes
Protists are polyphyletic and diverse
Protist plankton are important
contributors to aquatic food chains
True fungi lack flagella and have cell
walls made of chitin
Fungi play important ecological roles
as decomposers, partners of lichens,
and in association with the roots of
higher plants

Ch21 Lecture

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Tobin and Dusheck: Asking About Life, 3E __________ Chapter 21

Copyright 2005Brooks/ColeThomson Learning

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