"Rice Paddy Production,

Practices, and Policy Analysis

of Pakistan"
Usman Mustafa, PhD

Pakistan Institute of Development Economics
(PIDE)
Format
Brief about Pakistan and rice
Rice Research in Pakistan (Historical Perspective)
Current Scenario of Rice in Pakistan
Production Constraints
Rice Program at NARC and Research in Progress
Current Pak. IRRI Collaboration Projects
Private Rice Production and Export
Need for Effective Rice Policy
Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM)
Recommendations
Future Perspectives with IRRI






Land area: 300,664 sq mi (778,720 sq km);
Total area: 310,401 sq mi (803,940 sq km)
1

Population (2013 est.): 193,238,868
(growth rate: 1.5%); birth rate: 25.0/1000;
IMR: 65.3/1000; life expectancy: 65.3;
density per sq mi: 215
Largest cities: Karachi 13,125,000; Lahore
7,132,000; Faisalabad 2,849,000;
Rawalpindi 2,026,000
Agriculture: Main stay (25% GDP, 45% lab.,
raw material for Ind.), diverse agro-
ecological zone, arable land and water
resources, 8
th
world wide in agri. Prod.,
Chickpea (3
rd
), Apricot (6
th
), Cotton (4th),
Milk (5th), Date Palm (5th),SC (5th), Onion
(7th), Mandarin oranges(6th), Mango (4th),
Wheat (7th), Rice (14th)




Basic Statistic's
Rice in Pakistan
Pakistan India China Phil.
Prod. (000 t) 6,800 151,515 204,286 18,016
Con. 2,600 95,000 144,000 12,925
Yield (t/hac) 2.5 3.52 6.74 3.84
E. Price (US$/t) 1360 420

Rice - oldest cultivated crops in South
Asian region.
In Pakistan, rice is an important food and
cash crop. 2
nd
largest staple food after
wheat and exportable commodity after
cotton.
Among most famous varieties Basmati -
aroma & quality. It has competitive edge
in the world market.
AREA, PRODUCTION, YIELD AND EXPORT VALUE OF RICE IN
PAKISTAN
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
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7000
Production (000 tons) Yield (Kg/ha) Area (000 ha) Export (M. $)
Rice Research Historical Background
Research on rice in Pakistan - 1926.
Rice Research Station, Kala Shah Kaku established in
Kalar tract of Punjab, w/c homeland of world
famous fine-grain-aromatic variety, Basmati 370.
1970, station upgraded - multi-disciplinary institute
(Rice Research Institute) with a wider mandate.
Punjab, earlier research work - limited to
purification rice varieties with farmers.
From these groups, 7 promising varieties were
identified as most desirable and released for
general cultivation including world famous aromatic
rice variety - Basmati-370 in 1928.

Historical Background
Sindh, research work - started in 1920 at Rice
Research Station, Larkana and then that station was
shifted to Dokri in 1938, and upgraded as Rice
Research Institute in 1970.
Two varieties Kangni-27 (Long grained non-aromatic)
and Jajai-77 (Long grained aromatic) were released in
1932 and 1934 (produced 10-15% from local).
IRRI gave a momentum to rice production in Sindh
(IR-6 & 8) tested in Sindh in 1967 and released in
1969. The variety is still popular in Sindh and covers a
maximum area in Sindh province.

Historical Background
In NWFP (KPK), varietal improvement work was
started at ARI, Tarnab, Peshawar in 1962.
As a result, one local variety Kamode was
selected for general cultivation.
In 1964, the research work was shifted to Mansehra
and D.I Khan. A local variety JP5 was selected at
Mansehra and was released along with three other
varieties Jhona M.F, Basmati C-622 and Bengalo in
1965.
The research work was then shifted from Mansehra
to Mingora in 1975.

Historical Background
A Cooperative Research Program on Rice was
initiated in 1975 at the National level. PARC acts as
coordinating agency.
In addition to coordination, M&E of research and
development activities, PARC conducts research on
those aspects, which are not being taken by other
institutions.

Current Scenario
Rice planted on an area of over 2.76 million ha (12% of the
total cropped area), with total production of 6.73 m tons
during 20013-14, and accounts for 18% - total cereals
produced annually in Pakistan.
6.7 % of value added in agri. and 1.6 % in GDP.
Pakistan ranks 5
th
country in the world for rice export.
Every year around 1/3 of the total rice produce is exported
and 2/3 is consumed locally.
During 2010-11, rice area decline by 14 % over the last year,
due to the shift of rice area to cotton and sugarcane crops.
Last year, the area under hybrid rice was almost 17 % in
Sindh and 2-3 % in Punjab. During the current rice season,
hybrid area is expected to increase to 22 % in Sindh and 5-7
% in Punjab.
A total of 22 % rice area is still under banned and low-
yielding rice varieties.

Production Constraints
yielding rice varieties.
plant population.
Water scarcity or drought
Declining soil fertility
(waterlogging and salinity)
and imbalance use of
fertilizers.
Losses caused by insect
pests, diseases and weeds
Harvest and post-harvest
losses.
Inadequate R&D -
resources (H & K)
Rice Program (NARC)
Objectives:
Devel. of yielding rice varieties/indigenous hybrids and
commercialization.
Devel. & dissemination of water rice production tech.
Economical and sustainable nutrient management in rice
production system.
Refining & adoption of IPM for sustainable yield and
cleaner environment.
Production of better quality paddy through improved
harvest and post-harvest operations.
Establish linkages with national and international
organizations and strengthen public-private partnership.

Research in Progress
Varietal : Indigenous Hybrids
Devel. (Restorer & CMS lines seed)
Water-Saving Rice Tech. (dry or
aerobic rice saved 25-34% water,
54 % productive tillers and 43 %
grain yield over farmers
conventional practice)
Integrated Nutrient Management
(Zinc to Rice Nursery, Spray of
Potash, Leaf Colour Chart, Green
Manuring, etc.)
Integrated Pest Management

Research in Progress
Harvest and Post-Harvest Losses
(European 2
nd
hand combines
mainly for wheat, Rice thresher,
burning crop residues -tive effects
Germplasm Acquisition and
Distribution - 21,000 lines from
IRRI, via INGER net work - 12 rice
varieties developed/released.
National Uniform Rice Yield Trials
- 400 rice lines tested and 50 rice
varieties were released for general
cultivation

Current Pak. IRRI Collaboration
1. Agricultural Innovation Program (AIP) 2013-16
(Breeding Program for improved Indica and Basmati
Rice, Improved Crop Management, Post Harvest and
Quality control, Capacity building for rice R&E
officers)
2. Green Super Rice (GSR) for the Resource-Poor of
Africa and Asia Phase II (2014-15) - Large Scale Seed
production, Agronomic trial, Conduct adaptive
research trials for new sets of GSR materials, HRD,
3. SIAC Activity 2.1: Organize the collection of crop
germplasm improvement research related direct
outcomes in South, Southeast and East Asia
4. Punjab Basmati Rice Value Chain 2014-16 - Improved
basmati seed varieties, farming and postharvest
practices, research and service capabilities


Private Rice Production & Export
Rice trading is open and well managed by private
sector. Exporters invested in rice-processing
equipment to quality of rice. Similarly, private-
sector investment in milling improved the quality
of rice available for exports, thus enhancing
competitiveness of Pakistans rice in export.
Need for Effective Food/Rice Policy
2 rounds of food price (2007 &
2011) contributed to mil. of
people being hungry or
malnourished.
Factors growth rate of agri.
productivity, energy prices
biofuel production, US $, dd
from emerging econ. for agri.
products, & weather shocks.
Evidence based policies & strategies
help ensure that all people have
access to safe, sufficient, nutritious,
& sustainably grown food must go
beyond traditional agri. production.
Fittingly, dd for evidence-based
research to inform those policies is
than ever efficient crop
production
Govt. Intervention
Measures of Econ. Incentives affecting relative
incentive in agri.:
Price and subsidy policies
Import and export policies
More general macro-econ. policies i.e. exchange rate and
interest rate policies (Institutional/supply side)
Social or econ. profitability deviate from private
profitability bec. of distortions in:
- factor and output markets
- externalities and
- govt. policy interventions
tends to distort relative prices
PAM RESULTS*
Nominal and Effective Protection Coefficient (Avg. 5years)
Crop NPCs = A/E EPCs = (A-B)/(E-F)
Wheat 0.75 0.52
Basmati 0.76 0.56
IRRI 1.16 1.19
S.C (IPP**) 0.95 1.51
S.C (EPP**) 1.50 0.89
Cotton (IPP) 0.81 0.68
Cotton (EPP) 1.07 1.02
* Mustafa U, A. Qudus. 2012. Evaluating Global Commodity Price Fluctuation and its Implication for
Pakistan Agriculture: An Application of Policy Analysis Matrix. SANEI Working Paper Series No. 12 09. South
Asia Network of Economic Research Institutes (SANEI), www.sanenetwork.net Dhaka, Bangladesh.
http://saneinetwork.net/Publications.php?PubType=2
** IPP & EPP = Import & Export Parity Prices
PAM RESULTS
Domestic Resource Costs (DRC) Coefficients (Avg. 5years)
Crop DRCs = G/(E-F)
Wheat 0.53
Basmati 0.68
IRRI 1.75
S.C (IPP) 0.67
S.C (EPP) 1.02
Cotton (IPP) 0.41
Cotton (EPP) 0.67
PAM for Rice Production System
Economic Efficiency
Rice competing Cotton for land, water and farm
resources. In Punjab Basmati perform than cotton.
S. cane performed than all competing crops.
NPC and EPC for basmati paddy are < 1 during entire
2008-13 farmer are not received econ. Price of
their produce. While IRRI fluctuate but > some
protection to growers.
DRC = Opportunity cost of domestic resource use & if
value < 1 system has comparative advantages (CA).
DRC for Basmati < 1 CA
DRC of IRRI in Punjab > 1 No CA while Sindh
province DRC < 1 CA for rice X.
Recommendations
Adequate and regular resources for
RD&E - ASTI.
Dire need of evidence based Rice
Production and Export Policy
Basmati rice productivity , value
addition (Value addition in basmati
rice through bio-fortification, rice
bran oil extraction, brown rice, etc.),
effective and efficient marketing
Climate impact on rice adoption.
yielding short duration rice
varieties having desired tolerant to a-
biotic & biotic stresses and
Development of aerobic rice
cultivation technology.

Recommendations
Development of indigenous rice
hybrids - NARS.
quality improvement.
Encourage private sector.
Carbon sequencing in rice-wheat
system.
Post-harvest management- rice
value chain during storage /milling.
Food safety analysis (pesticide
residues, heavy metals, aflatoxin) in
rice, etc.
HRD a continue process.

Future Perspectives with IRRI
Technical cooperation by sharing IRRI expertise
and experience in R&D, extension in solving all
production issues and constraints, Germplasm
exchange program Long term relations.
Sharing of climate impact on rice productivity
and helping in Carbon sequencing in rice-
wheat system.
Formulation of Rice production policy analysis.
Food safety analysis (pesticide residues, heavy
metals, aflatoxin) in rice, etc.
HRD - new rice generation