CHEMISTRY

Chemical Bonding
ENGR. YVONNE LIGAYA F. MUSICO
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Objectives
Explain how compounds are formed
Differentiate between an ionic and
covalent bond
Predict which compound is ionic and
which are covalent
Understand the term valence/oxidation
number
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What is a Compound?
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Compound
A chemical combination of two or more
elements.
It has constant composition and unique set of
properties.
Its composition is represented by its formula,
which lists the symbols of the elements are
contained in the simplest unit of the compound.
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Chemical Bonding
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Chemical Bond
A strong force of attraction or linkage
between atoms due to the interaction of
electrons between them.

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Chemical Bond
bonds form in order to
decrease potential energy (PE)
increase stability

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Chemical Stability
In compound formation, atoms tend to
form bond with other atoms to become
more stable.
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Chemical Stability
In most atoms, chemical stability is
attained by completing the outermost
main energy level with eight electrons
(electronic configuration of noble gas) by
gaining or losing, or sharing electrons.
Exception: H needs 2e- to become stable
(configuration similar to He)
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OCTET Rule
It states that in compound formation,
atoms of electrons lose, gain or share
electrons in such a way that each atom
participating in a chemical bonding
acquires an electron configuration
resembling that of the noble gas nearest
it in the periodic table.
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OCTET Rule
Octet: a noble gas electron configuration
has 8 valence electrons (except for He)
Ne: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6


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Two Major Types of Chemical Bonding
1. Ionic Bonding or Electrovalent Bonding
2. Covalent Bonding

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A. Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding
It is formed by the transfer of electrons
from a metal to a non-metal.
As a general rule, in ionic bond
formation, metal lose electron to form
positive ions and non-metals gain
electrons to form negative ions.
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Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding
Ions
charged atoms
does not have equal number of protons and
electrons
CATIONS positive ions
ANIONS negative ions
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Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding
Electrovalent or Ionic Bond
The compound formed as a result of the
transfer of electrons
These compounds are usually hard, non-
volatile solids with high melting points.
Ions in these solids follow a regular
arrangement called CRYSTAL LATTICE.
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Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding
Example 1:
Formation of Sodium Fluoride by the
reaction between Sodium and Fluorine.

Na + F Na
+
+ F
-
NaF


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Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding
Example 1:
By Half Shell Configuration

+
11p
12n
8
e-
1
e-
2
e-
Na
+1
2
11p
12n
8
e- e-
Na
9p
10n
2 e- 7 e-
F
9p
10n
2 e- 8 e-
-1
F
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
Sodium atom
p+ = + 11
e- = - 11
Net charge = 0

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
Fluorine atom
p+ = +9
e- = -9
Net charge = 0

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6


Sodium ion
p+ = +11
e- = -10
Net charge = +1

Fluorine ion
p+ = +9
e- = -10
Net charge = -1

1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
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Half-Shell Notation
Method of representing atomic structure
by showing the symbol and the electron
distributed in different energy levels
represented by half-shell.
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Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding
Example 1:
By Lewis System

Na

+
F






Na F






+1
-1
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Electron Dot Notation or Lewis Structure
The nucleus is represented by the symbol
of the element and only the electron on the
last shell are distributed along the atoms
using dots, dashes etc.
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Ionic Bonding Or Electrovalent
Bonding
Example 2:
Reaction between Mg (2 valence e-) and Cl (7 valence e-) to
form MgCl
2

By Lewis Structure
+
Cl






Cl






Mg


Mg
+2
Cl
-1






Cl
-1






MgCl
2
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Learning Check
Show the formation of Sodium Chloride by
the reaction between Sodium (
11
Na) and
Chlorine (
17
Cl) using half shell notation
and Lewis structure. What will be the new
electron configuration and net charge of
each element after ionic bond has formed?
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B. Covalent Bonding
A covalent bond is formed by sharing of
electrons between two non-metals.
It is consists of an electron pair shared
between two bonded atoms.
A molecule results from this union.
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B. Covalent Bonding
The compound formed is called covalent
compound.
These compounds are usually gases or
liquids with low boiling point.
The number of covalent bonds that an atom
forms is equal to the number of electrons it
needs to achieve a noble gas electron
configuration.
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B. Covalent Bonding
Example 1:
Fluorine Molecule
a. By complete Atomic Structure
9p
10n







Fluorine A
9p
10n







Fluorine B
+
9p
10n






Fluorine A
9p
10n







Fluorine B

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B. Covalent Bonding
Example 1:
Fluorine Molecule
b. By Lewis Structure
F




F






+
F






F




Covalent Bond
(shared pair e-)
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B. Covalent Bonding
Example 2:
Methane (CH
4
)
a. By complete Atomic Structure
C
6p
6n


H
1p
0n

H
1p
0n



H
1p
0n

H
1p
0n



Covalent Bond
(shared pair e-)
Covalent Bond
(shared pair e-)
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B. Covalent Bonding
Example 2:
Methane (CH
4
)
a. By Lewis Structure


C



H

H
H
H

or
C
H
H
H H
Note:
- (dash) is used to represent
a pair of shared electron
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Types of Covalent Bonds
Single Covalent Bond
two atoms share one pair of valence electrons
Cl
2


Double Covalent Bond
two atoms share two pairs of valence electrons
CO
2


O C O
Cl Cl







C 4 valence e
-
O 6 valence e
-

total 16 valence e
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Types of Covalent Bonds

Triple Covalent Bond
two atoms share 3 pairs of electrons
N
2


Coordinate Covalent Bond
both electrons of a shared pair originate from the
same atom.
NH
4
+

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Resonance Structures
Two or more equivalent electron dot structures that
can be written for a molecule or polyatomic ion.
Each structure differs only in the placement of the
electron pairs.
O=S O O S= O O S O
The actual structure of the species is a resonance hybrid,
or the average of all the possible resonance structures
two possible resonance structures hybrid or actual structure
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Rules for Determining Electron Dot Structures
1. Determine which atom is the central atom.

2. Determine the total number of valence electrons on all
atoms.
Add one electron for each negative charge.
Subtract one electron for each positive charge.

3. Place one pair of electrons in each bond.

4. Complete the octets on all atoms bonded to the
central atom. (duet - 2 electrons for bonds with
hydrogen).

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Rules for Determining Electron Dot Structures

5. Place remaining electrons, as nonbonding pairs, on
central atom.

6. If the central atom does not have an octet, form
multiple bonds by moving lone (nonbonding) pairs into
bonds until the central atom has an octet.

7. Check for possible resonance structures. Determine
average structure.

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Learning Check
Show the Lewis Structure of the following
covalently bonded compoundsl
a. H
2
b. Br
2
c. HF
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Learning Check
Show the Lewis Structure of the following
covalently bonded compounds
a. H
2
b. Br
2
c. HF
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There are five different categories associated with covalent
bonds. What are the 5 different categories?
Covalent
Molecular
Substance
Polar
Nonpolar
Coordinate
Covalent
Network
Solids
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c
First, we are going to look at Polar Covalent
What is polar covalent?
-Polar covalent is a description of a
bond that has an uneven distribution
of charge due to an unequal sharing of
bonding electrons.
The boy is not equally
sharing with anyone
else but rather taking
all the food for himself.
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Next, we are going to look at Non-Polar Covalent
What is non-polar covalent?

-Non polar covalent is a covalent
bond that has an even distribution of
charge due to an equal sharing of
bonding electrons.

This couple is
non- polar
because they are
sharing the drink
equally between
them.
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Next, we are going to look at Molecular Substances
What is a molecular substance?
-A molecular substance is a substance
that has atoms held together by
covalent bonds.

Name 2 Characteristics of a
Molecular Substance.
1. Weak
2. Low melting and boiling
points
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Next, we are going to look at Coordinate Covalent
What is a Coordinate Covalent Bond?
-A coordinate covalent bond is a
bond formed when one atom donates
both electrons that are shared.

*Think about the party analogy!
People donate their
blood to help others
just like atoms
donate electrons to
form stable octets.
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Now, we are going to look at Network Solids
What is a Network Solid?
-A network solid is a solid that has
covalently bonded atoms linked in
one big network or one big
macromolecule.

Name 3 Characteristics of a
Network Solid.
1. Poor conductors of heat
and electricity
2. Hard / Strong
3. High melting and boiling
points
Diphenylglycoluril
assembles into a unique, two-
dimensional hydrogen
bonding network in the solid
state, while exhibiting a
twisted molecular structure.
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Polyatomic Bonds
What is a Polyatomic Bond?
- A polyatomic bond is
charged group of covalently
bonded atoms. It is made up
of more than one atom.
Polyatomic ions usually have a
charge because the collection of
atoms has either gained an extra
electron or else it has lost an
electron.
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Just as a summary to what each
bond looks like
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Any Comment or
Question?