Você está na página 1de 25

Color Models and Color

Applications
CMSC 161: Interactive Computer
Graphics
Properties of Light

Perceived light is a narrow frequenc !and within the


electromagnetic spectrum

Since light is an electromagnetic energ" we can


descri!e the various colors in terms of either the
frequenc f or the wavelength
Properties of Light
Dominant frequency # hue # color of the o!$ect
Brightness % the perceived intensit of the light
Purity or saturation % how washed out or how &pure' the color of light
appears
If two color sources com!ine to produce light" the are referred to as
complementary colors
(he two or three colors used to produce other colors in a color model
are referred to as primary colors
(he range of colors that can !e descri!ed ! com!inations of other
colors is called a color gamut
The Human Eye

)etina contains rods *for !lac+ and white, and cones *for
colors,

(he visual pigments in the cones have pea+ sensitivit at


wavelengths of a!out 6-. nm *red," /-. nm *green, and
0/. nm *!lue,
Color Blindness and Tests

)ed # green !lindness

1lue !lindness

2thers
% Cones missing
% Cones too similar
Standard Primaries

In 13-1" the International Commission on Illumination


1

esta!lished an international standard for primar colors
% 4ll other colors can !e descri!ed as weighted sums of the three
primaries
% 5ach primar represents an imaginar color

If 4" 1 and C represent the amounts of the standard


primaries needed to match a given color" *normali6ed,
components of the color are represented as
% 7 8 4 # *4 9 1 9 C,
% 8 1 # *4 9 1 9 C,
% 6 8 C # *4 9 1 9 C,
% where 6 is also 1 % *7 9 ,
1
International Commission on Illumination" referred to as the CI5 *Commission Internationale de l:;clairage,
CE Chromaticity Diagram

Plotting 7 and for all visi!le colors produces a *tongue<


shaped, chromaticit diagram !ased on the wavelengths
in nm
CE Chromaticity Diagram

Can !e used to
% Compare and represent color
gamuts
% Identif complementar colors
% =etermine dominant
wavelength and purit
ntuiti!e Color Concepts

Starting with the pigment for a &pure color'


% 4rtist adds a !lac+ pigment to produce different shades of that
color
% 4dd a while pigment to o!tain different tints of the color
% Produce tones ! adding !oth white and !lac+ pigments
% Palettes % define mood or message
"!er!ie# of Color Models

4 color model is a method for e7plaining the properties or


!ehavior of color within some particular conte7t

(he following color models are hardware<oriented *do not


relate to concepts of hue" saturation and !rightness,
% )G1
% CM>
% >I? *and relative >@A,

Color ordering spaces are used to find colors according to


some criterionB user<oriented
% CSA
% CDS

Eo single color model can e7plain all aspects of color


$%B Color Model

1ased on the tristimulus theory of vision" our ees


perceive color through the stimulation of the three visual
pigments in the cones of the retina

Pea+ sensivit

4dditive color model *!asis for video monitor,


CM& 'and CM&() Color Model

Primar colors: can" magenta" ellow

Su!tractive color model *!asis for hardcop devices,


&* Color Model

)ecoded )G1 for transmission efficienc" compati!ilit


with !lac+ and white !roadcast (A

(he Eational (elevision Sstem Committee *E(SC, color


model for forming the composite video signal
% Duminance *!rightness, information is contained in the >
parameter
% Chromaticit information *hue and purit, is incorporated into
the I and ? parameters
&+, Color Model

5ncodes a color image or video ! ta+ing into account


human perception:
% )educed !andwith for chrominance components
% =efines a color space in terms of one luma *>, and two
chrominance *@A, components
% @ and A can !e thought of as F and > coordinates within the
color space

(he weights used to compute > are identical to those


used in the >I? color space

@sed ! P4D *Phase 4lternating Dine," an analog color


(A encoding sstem
HS, Color Model

More intuitive model derived from


the )G1 color model

@ser specifies
% Color
% 4mount of !lac+ and white to achieve
the desired shade" tint and tone
% Cue G.H" -6.HI" saturation G." 1I
and value G." 1I components
HS, Color Model

Color definition:
% Select hue: S 8 1" A 8 1
% 4dd !lac+ pigment: decrease A
% 4dd white pigment: decrease S
HLS Color Model

(hree parameters: hue G.H"


-6.HI" lightness G." 1I and
saturation G." 1I

=ou!le cone model

Shade" tint and tone are achieved


! ad$usting D and S
nteracti!e Tools
Color Perception
5es focus on colors according to their frequencies" causing them
to appear at different depths
(he perceived color of a colored area is affected ! the color of
the surrounding area
Colors tend to loo+
% =ar+er and smaller against white
% Dighter and larger against !lac+
Color Perception

Color codes can easil carr unintended meanings *eJgJ


displaing compan earnings in red and green,

1lue and !lac+ var ver little in !rightnessB ellow on


white is relativel hard to distinguish

(he ee cannot distinguish the color of ver small


o!$ects

If a user stares at a large area of highl saturated color


for several seconds and then loo+s elsewhere" an
afterimage of the large area will appear
% =isconcerting
% Causes ee strain
Color Selection and Applications

2!tain a set of coordinating colors


% Set from a su!space of a color model
% Select at regular intervals along straight lines in the )G1 or
CM> cu!e
% )estrict colors to one half or less of the CSA he7acone
% (ints and shades !lend !etter than pure hues

@se a small num!er of colors


% 4 little color can !e more effective than a lot

Kor !ac+ground" use


% Gra or
% 4 complement of the foreground color
Color Selection and Applications

Create harmon: use a group of colors that loo+ pleasing


in com!ination
% Aar hues in lightness and saturation
% Palette should contain contrast *light and dar+ tones" pastel
and saturated ones,

=onLt use color that doesnLt support or add to the


meaning of the information displaed

Create all components of a G@I in monochrome then


add color to enhance usa!ilit
% @se strong color in small details onl" such as icons
+sing Colors Effecti!ely in C%

4void colored te7t on colored !ac+ground where legi!ilit


is important

Color is a powerful and attractive aspect of our


e7perience of the world
% Color shapes our perception" interpretation and memor of
everthing we see

Proper handling and understanding of color is necessar


at ever step
+sing Colors Effecti!ely in C%

Man different factors influence how the color will !e


seen:
% (pe of displa device
% (he viewing environment
% (he visual capa!ilit of the user
% (he tas+ and application requirements
% Position of other graphical windows and displas

(here is no eas formula that will wor+ in all


circumstances
+sing Colors Effecti!ely in C%

In Computer Graphics" careful use of colors helps to get


the message across
% 4void clutter
% 5mphasi6e legi!ilit
% 4ccommodate the viewer

Você também pode gostar