The document discusses voltage sags (also called dips), which are short duration decreases in voltage. It covers standards related to sags, definitions of sags, common causes of sags including faults and equipment, the impact of sags on loads, and various technologies to mitigate sags such as UPS systems, dynamic voltage restorers, and voltage regulators. The document emphasizes that sags are a major power quality problem and that solutions can range from inexpensive to very expensive depending on the specific needs of a facility.
The document discusses voltage sags (also called dips), which are short duration decreases in voltage. It covers standards related to sags, definitions of sags, common causes of sags including faults and equipment, the impact of sags on loads, and various technologies to mitigate sags such as UPS systems, dynamic voltage restorers, and voltage regulators. The document emphasizes that sags are a major power quality problem and that solutions can range from inexpensive to very expensive depending on the specific needs of a facility.
The document discusses voltage sags (also called dips), which are short duration decreases in voltage. It covers standards related to sags, definitions of sags, common causes of sags including faults and equipment, the impact of sags on loads, and various technologies to mitigate sags such as UPS systems, dynamic voltage restorers, and voltage regulators. The document emphasizes that sags are a major power quality problem and that solutions can range from inexpensive to very expensive depending on the specific needs of a facility.
by Terry Chandler Power Quality Inc/Power Quality Thailand LTD For IEEE Hong Kong Section May 31, 2002 May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 2 Sags or Dips? A decrease in the nominal voltage for a short duration.
May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 3 Standards regarding Sags IEC 1000-4-1/11 Measurement of sags IEEE 1159 Monitoring of Sags IEEE P1346 ANSI C84.1 IEEE 1100 May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 4 IEEE SCC 22 Short duration variations 2.1 Instantaneous 2.1.2 Sag(Dip) 0.5 to 30 cycles 0.1 to 0.9 pu sags (dips) have a magnitude and duration SCC is the standard coordination committee of IEEE May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 5 Accepted description Sag is a IEEE term DIP is IEC term Sag refers to % of decrease in Voltage IE a 20% sag is a voltage decrease to 0.8 PU DIP refers to % of voltage remaining IE a dip to 80% is a decrease to 0.8 PU Is the glass half full or half empty? May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 6 Classifying Sags (Dips) CBEMA 100% 1 day May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 7 Classifying sags (dips) II ITIC (New CBEMA) unacceptable acceptable May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 8 Cause of Voltage sags Faults on the distribution system User distribution system failure User loads Equipment malfunction
May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 9 Faults on the distribution system May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 10 User equipment that can cause sags Copiers and laser printers Arc welders Motor starting Power saws May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 11 Welder causes voltage sag May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 12 Voltage sag from the utility May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 13 Semi 47 Voltage sag standard A new standard developed by the SEMI organization members to define the desired minimum equipment sensitivity to voltage sags Similar to ITIC curve in the voltage sag domain May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 14 ITIC Semi 47 May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 15 ITIC Semi 47 50 ms 0.2 0.5 second 20 ms | 0.5 sec | 10 sec May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 16 Load sensitivity to voltage sags Motors Contactors that Small 50% sag shuts down 600 hp load May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 17 Sag indications without a PQ meter Lights blink Motors slow down and return to normal speed Computers reboot unexpectedly Automated equipment stops unexpectedly
May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 18 Root cause of sensitivity Automated Equipment Equipment disconnect Ac relay Electrical contactor on the input power May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 19 Process sensor Automated Equipment Equipment disconnect DC relay process sensor With voltage sags sends shut down signal May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 20 Emergency shutdown circuit With voltage sag sends shutdown signal Automated Equipment Equipment disconnect Ac relay May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 21 DC buss sag DC relay AC to DC convertor DC to AC invertor AC motor DC buss monitor Electronic control May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 22 Voltage imbalance sensor voltage unbalance relay AC to DC convertor DC to AC invertor AC motor Electronic control DC relay May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 23 Improving voltage sag immunity Relay settings DC relays Switchmode power supply configuration oversize power supply or capacitor Dynamic sag corrector Connect loads phase to phase May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 24 Voltage sense relays Upper and lower trip points May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 25 Ride thru device May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 26 Sag mitigation technologies UPS Standby line interactive On-Line Dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) Voltage Regulator Static transfer switch May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 27 UPS Uninterruptible Power Supplies Battery On-line Standby Flywheel Super conductor Super Capacitor Fuel Cell May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 28 On-line UPS Battery system input harmonic filter Load Inverter Bypass Rectifier Charger System bypass May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 29 Rotary UPS May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 30 Example of rotary May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 31 DVR
Bypass DVR Electronics SS Shorting Switch Inverters, Filters, Controls Cap Energy Storage Isolation Isolation To Source To Plant May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 32 Flywheel ups May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 33 Example of flywheel UPS Photo compliments of Beacon.com May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 34 Standby UPS Battery or Flywheel More efficient than on -line Output meets ITIC or Semi-47 standard May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 35 Standby UPS Main System Container Isolation Transformer Static Switch Critical Load Utility Input up to (8) Power Modules CB2 Output CB1 Input CB3 Bypass Battery String Battery Charger Inverter Bridge System Control May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 36 Example of Standby UPS May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 37 3 phase sag May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 38
UPS output during sag May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 39
Conclusions Graph compliments of WWW.powerstandards.com Voltage sags are the #1 Power Quality problem The source can be from the utility or from internal loads, wiring, problems etc Solutions can be very inexpensive or very expensive May 2002 WWW.powerquality.org All rights reserved 40 The bottom line Voltage sags are an economic or $$ problem It requires detailed PQ data to determine if the solution costs $100 or $10,000,000.