CHEMISTRY SPM

Form 4
Chapter 9.5
Glass and Ceramic
AHLI KUMPULAN 1

Chow Hon Jie

Microsoft Power Point



Yap Wei Heng

Glass

Types, composition, properties , and uses of glass



Tan Ghee Ying

Ceramic

The different classes of ceramic


Lee Ai Kee

The uses of improved glass and ceramic for
species purpose

AHLI KUMPULAN 2

Chow Hon Jie

Microsoft Power Point



Koh Qian Rou

Introduction of compsite Materials

Fibre glass


Thoo Wei Boon

Reinforced concrete


Tan Jade Yinn

Superconductor



Chew Chin Han

Photochromic glass


Uses of composite Materials

Tan Ven Yee

Fibre optics

GLASS
The major component of glass is silica or silicon dioxide, SiO
2
which found in sand



Properties
of glass
Impermeable
to liquid
Electrical
insulator
Heat insulator
Chemically
inert
hard but
brittle
Transparent
TYPES, COMPOSITION, PROPERTIES, AND USES OF
GLASS

GLASS COMPOSITION PROPERTIES USES
Soda lime glass SiO
2
70%
Na
2
O 15%
CaO 10%
Others 4%
Low melting point
Mouldable into shapes
Cheap
Breakable
Can withstand high
heat
Glass container
Glass panes
Mirror
Lamps and bulbs
Plates and bowls
Bottles
Lead glass (crystal) SiO
2
70%
Na
2
O 20%
PbO 10%
High density and
refractive index
Glittering surface
Soft
Low melting point
(600C)
Containers for drinks
and food
Decorative glass
Crystal glassware
Lens for spectacles
Borosilicate glass (Pyrex) SiO
2
80%
B
2
O
3
13%
Na
2
O 4%
Al
2
O
3
2%
Resistant to high heat
&chemical reaction
Does not break easily
Allow infra-red rays
but no ultra-violet rays
Glass apparatus in lab
Cooking utensils
Fused silicate glass SiO
2
99%
B
2
O
3
1%
High melting point
(1700C)
Expensive
Allow ultraviolet to
pass through
Difficult to melt or
mould into shape
Scientific apparatus
like lens on
spectrometer
Optical lens
Lab apparatus
CERAMICS

Ceramic is manufactured substances made from clay that is
dried, and heated in a kiln at a very high temperature

The main component of clay is aluminosilicate (aluminum oxide and
silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar. Unlike
glass, ceramic cannot be recycled.

Kaolinite is a high quality white clay that contains hydrated
aluminosilicate, Al
2
O
3
2SiO
2
2H
2
O.


Properties
of
ceramics
extremely
hard &
strong but
brittle
has a very
high
melting
point
inert to
chemicals
good
insulator of
electricity
and heat
able to
withstand
and resist
corrosion
THE DIFFERENT CLASES OF CERAMIC

GROUP COMPOSITION
Mineral Quartz SiO
2

Calcite CaCO
3

Cement material
Mixture of CaSiO
3
and ammonium
silicate

Oxide of ceramic Aluminium oxide Al
2
O
3

Silicon dioxide SiO
2

Magnesium oxide MgO

Non-oxides of ceramic
Silicon nitride Si
3
N
4

Silicon carbide SiC
Boron nitride BN
Boron carbide B
4
C
3

THE USES OF IMPROVED GLASS AND
CERAMICS FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES

GLASS OPTICAL FIBRE
A pure silica glass thread that conducts light.
this fibres can transmit messages modulated onto light waves.
used inmedical instrument, LAN

CONDUCTING GLASS
a type of glass that can conduct electricity.
produce by embedding a thin layer of conducting material in glass.
adding a layer of indium tin(iv) oxide (ITO) acts as an electrical
conductor.
used in the making of LCD

GLASS-CERAMIC
Rearrange its atoms into regular patterns by heating glass to form
strong material
it can withstand high temperature, chemical attacks
used in tile, cookware, rockets, engine blocks

CERAMIC SUPER CONUCTOR
superconductor can conduct electricity at low temoerature without
resistance, loss of electrical energy as heat
used to make light magnet, electric motors, electrical generators

PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
sensitive to light intensity
the glass darken when exposed to sunlight but became clear when light
intensity decresase.
used in windows, sunglasses ad instrument control

CHEMISRTY SPM
Form 4
Chapter 9.6
COMPOSITE MATERIALS

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

A composite material is structural material formed by combining two
or more materials with different physical properties, producing a
complex mixture.
They are used to make various substances in daily life because of
the following reasons:-

*Metals corrode and are ductile and malleable
*Glass and ceramic break easily
*Metal are good conductors but have high resistant, leading to los
of electrical energy as heat.
*Plastic and glass can withstand heat to a certain level only



Reinforced concrete






COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
COMPONENT PROPERTIES OF
COMPONENT
USES
Concrete hard but
brittle
low tensile
strengh
stronger
higher tensile
strength
does not
corrode easily
cheaper
can be
moulded into
shape
can withstand
very high
applied force
can support
very heavy
load
construction
of road
rocket
launching
pads
high-rise
buildings
steel strong in
tensile
strength
expensive
can corrode


Superconductor

COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
COMPONENT PROPERTIES
OF
COMPONENT
USES
Cooper(ll)
oxide
Yttrium oxide
Barium oxide
Insulator of
electricity
Conducts
electricity
without
resistance
when cooled
by liquid
nitrogen
Magnetically
levitated train
Transformer
Electric cable
Computer
parts
PHOTOCHROMIC GLASS
COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
COMPONENT PROPERTIES OF
COMPONENT
USES
Glass Transparent
Not sensitive
to light
Reduce
refraction of
light
Control the
amount of
light passed
through it
auto.
Has the ability
to change
colour and
become
darker when
exposed to
ultraviolet
light
Information
display panels
Light detector
device
Car
windshields
Optical lens
Silver chloride
or silver
bromide
Sensitive to
light
FIBRE OPTICS
COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
COMPONENT PROPERTIES OF
COMPONENT
USES
Glass with
low refraction
index
Transparent
Does not
reflect light
rays
Low material
cost
Reflect light
rays and allow
to travel
along the
fibre
Can transmit
electronic
data or signal,
voice and
image
Transmit data
using light
waves in
telecommunic
ations
Glass with
higher
refractive
index
FIBRE GLASS
COMPOSITE
MATERIAL
COMPONENT PROPERTIES OF
COMPONENT
USES
glass high density
strong but
brittle
non-flexible
high tensile
strength
moulded and
shaped
inert to
chemicals
light, strong,
tough
non-
flammable
impermeable
to water
resilient
flexible
car bodies
helmets
skies
rackets
furniture
polyester
plastic
light
flexible
inflammable
elastic but
weak
Uses of
composite
material
in the medical
field: to replace
organs in the
form of plastic
composite organ
sronger buildings
are built by using
reinforce
concrete
car part now use
composite
material instead
iron and steel.
this increase the
speed of the car
and fuel saver
THE END