OPTIMAL ARRANGEMENT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DG SOURCES IN

DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS


Guided by Presented by
Ms.S.Thangalakshmi, Aran Glenn.J
Associate Professor, Reg No: 410812411002
Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
G.K.M College of Engineering and Technology,
Chennai.

Abstract
In the present work the optimal placement of different
types of DGs has been proposed. The optimal locations and
size of the DGs have been determined by minimizing the
power distribution loss. The optimal power factor for DG
supplying, both real and reactive power, has been obtained in
this work. Different types of DGs supplying real and reactive
power at different buses have also been considered in the
proposed approach. The particle swarm optimization (PSO)
technique has been used to solve the optimal placement of
DGs. The results obtained from the PSO technique have also
been compared with the analytical approach results. The
proposed technique is tested on 33-bus test system. Also total
power loss can be found out by using differential evolution.

Introduction
Objective
Traditional electric power generation

Operation of traditional generation systems

Justification

Distributed Generation
DGs are also referred to as Embedded Generations or Disperse
Generations. There is no consensus definition for DG, as it depends
upon many technologies and many applications in different
environments.

International Energy Agency (IEA) :

Define distributed generation as generating plant serving a customer
on-site or providing support to a distribution network, connected to the
grid at distribution level voltages.

Distributed Generation
Future Scope :
The share of distributed generators (DGs) in power systems has
been slowly increasing in the last few years and there is no sign that it
would decrease in near future. Moreover, the policy initiatives to
promote DG throughout the world also indicate that the number will
grow rapidly.


ACTIVE AND REACTIVE POWER
COMPENSATION

Optimal placement of DG only producing real power.

Optimal placement of DG and Capacitor being integrated.

Inappropriate allocation of the DG unit may adverse the system
performance.



Location And Sizing Issues

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0.05
0.055
Bus no.
%DG Size
Loss
(MW)
Optimal Sizing of DG and Capacitor

The real power loss formula is represented by:




For minimum losses, the rate of change of losses with respect to
injected power becomes zero.


Optimal Sizing of DG and Capacitor

Optimal Sizing of DG and Capacitor

The above equations gives the size of DG and Capacitor for
each bus i, for the loss to be minimum.

Optimal size of DG and Capacitor
Optimal Power Factor
When the optimum values of DG and Capacitor are obtained as
above.

The power factor of the DG may be considered as optimal and
represented as




Optimal Location
The optimal location can be find for the placement of optimal sizes of
DG and Capacitor as obtained, which will give the lowest possible
total loss due to placement of DG and Capacitor at the respective
bus, say bus i and j.

ith bus is the optimal location to place the DG.

jth bus is the optimal location to place the Capacitor.

If the optimal location for DG and Capacitor placement is same, say
bus i. Then power factor of DG can be determined at bus i.
Objective Function
The objective is to compensate the active power and reactive power
while meeting the following constraints by PSO approach.


Constraints:
System power flow equations must be satisfied.
Voltage constraint at each bus (5% ) must be satisfied.

Line current constraint must be satisfied.

=1

=1

PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is a population-based
optimization technique which provides a population-based search
procedure in which individuals called particles change their position
(state) with time.

Particles : These are the entities which move around in a
multidimensional search space.
Velocity : Every particle moves in the search space with a velocity
associated with it.
Personal Best : During flight, each particle has its own personal
best experience (This value is called Pbest).

PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
Global Best : It is the best position encountered by itself and its
neighbors (This value is called Gbest).
This modification can be represented by the concept of velocity



The current position can be modified by the following equation


PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
The following weight function is used:



Appropriate value ranges for C
1
and C
2
are 1 to 2.

Appropriate values for
min
and
max
are 0.4 and 0.9 respectively.

This method is applied by considering bus number and sizes of DG
and Capacitor as variables.

Test System
33-bus distribution system, contains 33 buses and 32 branches as
shown in Figure. It is a radial system with a total load of 3.72 MW and
2.3 MVAr.

1 2 4 6 9 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 30 31 32 33
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
3 5 8 11
7 10 13
S/S
12






Results and Discussions
Table I shows the total active power losses are 211 kW for 33-bus test
distribution system for base case i.e without DG.
TABLE I
Test
system
Optimum
location
Optimum
DG size
(MW)
Optimum
Capacitor
size
(MVAr)
Active Power loss
(KW)
Reactive Power loss
(KVAr)
% Reduction in loss
Without
DG &
Cap.
With DG
& Cap.
Without
DG &
Cap.
With DG
& Cap.
Active Reactive
33 bus Bus 6
2.49 ------- 211 111.17 143.03 81.66 47.31% 42.91%
2.49 1.72 211 67.95 143.03 54.79 67.79% 61.69%
Results and Discussions
When optimum size of DG is placed at optimal location, then the
power losses are reduced significantly.

But it violates the voltage limits.

Voltage profile of the system is improved by placing both DG and
Capacitor.

Reduction in active power loss with DG is 47.31%.

Both DG and Capacitor are 67.79% for test system.
Results and Discussions
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
0.9
0.95
1
1.04
Bus Number
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

p
r
o
f
i
l
e

i
n

p
.
u
.


Without DG
With DG & Cap.
With DG
The voltage profile of the test system is improved by placing
both DG and Capacitor at optimal locations.
Results and Discussions
DG and Capacitor at different Locations:

System PSO Technique
33 Bus
System
Cases Bus No.
Capacity
Loss in
(kW)
DG
(MW)
Capacitor
(MVAr)
Same location 6 2.4908 1.7213 67.95
Different
location
6 2.4829
58.45
30 1.2558
When DG and capacitor are placed at the same location then the
reduction in losses is 67.95 kW.

when both DG and capacitor are placed at different optimal
locations then the reduction in losses are 58.45 kW
Optimal Power Factor

When DG and capacitor are placed at bus no.6, the reduction in
losses is 67.95 kW, and at optimal power factor of 0.82 leading.

Power factor of the DG must be opposite to the power factor of bus
load.

33-bus system has a lagging power factor load.

power factor of DG must be leading.
Optimal Power Factor
The results obtained for the optimal placement of DG and Capacitor
with optimal power factor has been compared with the results of fast
analytical approach results [13].


System COMPARISON OF OPTIMAL DG PLACEMENT RESULTS
33 Bus
System
Cases
Base Case
Loss (kW)
Bus No.
DG Capacity
Optimal
p.f.
Loss in
(kW)
DG
(MW)
Capacitor
(MVAr)
Proposed
PSO
211 6 2.4908 1.7213 0.82 67.95
Fast
Analytical
[13]
211 6 3.0247 (MVA) 0.85 68.28
Optimal Power Factor
Figure shows the variation of power factor when DG and Capacitor
are placed at bus no.6

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
0.22
Power factor
T
o
t
a
l

p
o
w
e
r

l
o
s
s

(
M
W
)


Loss With DG & Capacitor
Loss Without DG & Capacitor
Loss at optimal p.f.
Lagging Leading
Observed that total power losses are minimum when power factor of
the system is 0.82 leading.
Total power loss using differential
evolution
Number of population members NP = 40;
Maximum number of iterations (generations) =200 ;

vv=voltage;
Tloss=PL;
F=(err+PL)

Tloss = 86.870565658454666
Conclusion
Optimal placement of only DG can not reduces the losses too much.

Reactive power source is also required to reduce the losses
significantly.

Reactive power source is also required to improve the voltage profile.

Optimal power factor of the combination also effect the reduction of
line losses.

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Thank You