Air Distribution Selection

for Schools
Air Distribution for Schools
Presented by
Jim Aswegan- Chief Engineer
HVAC Product Design, Development and
Application
ASHRAE TC 5.3, Handbook Liaison
BS University of Texas-Dallas


Air Distribution for Schools
Question and Answer Panel
Jim Aswegan - Chief Engineer
David Pich P.E., LEED AP Director of Technology
Janis Rozenbergs Product Manager


Factors Influencing Design
Climate
Local Air Quality
Building Size and Usage
Budget Constraints
Maintenance Resources


HVAC Design Concerns
Thermal Comfort

Ventilation

Acoustics


HVAC Systems
Fully Mixed Air Distribution
Fully Stratified (DV) Air Distribution
Partially Mixed (UFAD) Air Distribution
Hybrid with DOAS
Other (not detailed in this webinar)



Codes and Standards
C.H.P.S.: Collaborative for High
Performance Schools
LEED: Leadership in Energy &
Environmental Design
ASHRAE:
Standard 55 (Thermal Comfort)
Standard 62.1 (Ventilation)
ANSI S-12.60 (Acoustics)
State & Local


Graphic Comfort Zone (5.2.1.1)
Met Rate 1.0 1.3
70 75 80
0.5 Clo
Summer
1.0 Clo
Winter
Met Rate 1.0 1.3
Operative Temperature F
Upper Recommended Humidity Limit 0.012 humidity ratio
Data based on ISO 7730
And ASHRAE Std. 55
DPT < 62.2 F
Thermal Comfort
ASHRAE Standard 55 Thermal Environmental Conditions
for Human Occupancy
Maximum t Ankle to Neck (standing) = 5.4F
Maximum t Ankle to Neck (seated) = 3.6F




Ventilation Air Requirements
for Classrooms
ASHRAE Standard 62.1 Table 1
120 cfm/1000 sq. ft. of building space.
10 cfm/person @25 people/1000 sq. ft.
15 cfm/person Total ventilation air (370 cfm/1000 ft.).
Table 6-2 Ventilation/Ez factor = cfm
Fully Mixed Cooling Ez = 1.0 (370)
Fully Stratified Cooling Ez = 1.2 (309)
Partially Mixed Cooling
T50 < 4.5 AFF = Ez = 1.2 (309)
T50 > 4.5 AFF = Ez = 1.0 (370)
Acoustic Requirements
for Classrooms
dBA vs. NC vs. RC

ASHRAE Applications Handbook 2011
dBA weighted sound level (loudness), outdoors.
NC Loudness & speech interference (63 to 8000 Hz)
RC Loudness & speech interference (sound quality)

ANSI Standard S-12.60
35 dBA recommended for classrooms (25 NC)

Collaborative for High
Performance Schools
ASHRAE:
Standard 55 (Thermal Comfort)
Standard 62.1 (Ventilation)
Acoustics for Classrooms:
45 dBA required; 40 dBA extra credit
Fully Mixed
4 outlets at NC 18-20 (catalog)
Displacement Ventilation/UFAD
Typically less than NC 25 (catalog)


LEED-2009 v3
ASHRAE:
Standard 55 (Thermal Comfort)
Standard 62.1 (Ventilation)
Acoustics Classrooms
IEQ p3 45 dBA
IEQ c9 40 dBA
ASHRAE 2011 Application Ch. 57
Fully Mixed
Partially Mixed
Fully Stratified
Displacement Under Floor Air Distribution
G.R.D.
Air Distribution
Fully Mixed Air Distribution
Contaminate Control
16
Selecting Outlets
17
Fully Mixed
ADPI
The grey area
represents
Acceptable
You can vary
temperature
or velocity to
maintain comfort
15 fpm = 1 F
19
Plaque
Face
Stamped
Face
ADPI Selection Outlets
Modular
Core
Louvered
Face
ADPI Selection
Outlet
Type
Inlet
Size
Max.
CFM

NC

ADPI
Min.
CFM
Plaque
Face

10

380

15

85

100
Stamped
Face

10

380

18

85

110
Modular
Core

10x10

380

19

89

120
Louvered
Face

10

380

20

88

180
ADPI selection based on 1 cfm/sq.ft. Space Load
Typical Solution
50/50 throw pattern is
the best compromise for
both heating and cooling
Half of the air is always directed
in the wrong direction
ASHRAE Std. 62.1-2007
T
150
to 4-5 AFF
Max t = 15 F
Auto Changeover Diffuser Solution
S
i
l
l

W
i
n
d
o
w

Diffuser
Air flow does not pause in
intermittent pattern to cause
sustained drafts, instant action
of air flow pattern.
Cooling
Heating
Actuating Between
Cooling and Heating
Diffuser Tests - ASHRAE 70 Conditions
3 equivalent Diameters, min
Pressure
Measured Air Flow
Discharge Velocity
Sound
Flow straightener
Sound Effects
RP-1335 No Damper With OBD
Standard 70 0 1 - 5
3 de 0 - 1 5 - 8
1.5 de 2 - 4 7 - 12
0 de 6 - 9 5 - 10
Displacement Ventilation
Basic System Concepts
Low Energy
( < 0.04 Ps)

Air Change
Effectiveness
(Std. 62.1, Ez = 1.2)

Quiet Operation
(< 25 NC)

Fully Stratified Contaminate Control
28
Discharge Air Patterns
29
Return Air
Outlet located at ceiling
level

Allows heat from ceiling
lights to be returned before
it is able to mix with
occupied zone

Reduced supply volume
means higher return
temperatures
Humidity Issues
A potential problem with warmer supply air temperatures is
higher humidity

Supply system must reduce relative humidity to less than
60% to meet IAQ concerns
Condenser water reheat, run-around coils, or face & bypass

Use of a separate system to dry outside air or the
use of desiccant dehumidification
If 55
o
F supply air is used for dehumidification, return air can
be mixed with supply air to achieve 65
o
F air
Perimeter Heating
Perimeter heating can not be accomplished
with traditional displacement ventilation
Separate system required in most
applications:
UFAD perimeter system
Perimeter fan powered systems
Ducting of hot or reheated air
Baseboard Radiation
Radiant panels
Dual Chamber Diffuser
Changeover
Heating Mode
Cooling Mode
Dual Chamber Diffuser
Dual chamber plenum
Displacement diffuser cooling
Heating
34
School Classroom
35
Perimeter Wall
Underfloor Systems







Access Diffusers
for Core Spaces
High induction air flow
pattern
Occupant adjustable
damper
Actuated version
available
Typical design point is
80-100 cfm
Throw between 4-5 ft.
Low NC
37
Actuated Option

24 VAC Electric
Actuator
Large Spaces
38
Typical Perimeter Installation
Low horsepower fan powered terminal unit
ducted to rectangular floor diffuser plenums
39
Underfloor Passive
Perimeter System

40
Perimeter (Cooling Section)
VAV Perimeter Cooling
Linear diffuser 4 length
Variable linear bar diffuser
24V damper actuator

41


Transverse Apertures
42
Perimeter Cooling Video
43
Passive Perimeter Heating
Fin tube perimeter heat system
Self contained heating
No simultaneous cooling and reheat
Per ASHRAE 90.1
3000+ BTUH per 4 ft. plenum
44
Passive Perimeter Heating
45
Titus Solution for Schools
Displacement, chilled beams
and radiation principles.
Induction Nozzles
Tempered and dry primary supply air
delivered at 55F
Induced room air and mix to discharge
air at appropriate temperature
Heat Transfer Coils
Room air induced through coils

Sensible load handled by the coil

Eliminates separate Heating system
Nozzles Induction
Plenum
TAO Floor Mounted Active Chilled Beam
Primary Supply
Chamber
CBAF-HC Cooling mode operation
Return Air
100%
Exhausted
Chilled Water
Primary Airflow
(55 to 58F)
Room Air
(75 to 78F)
Supply Airflow
(65 to 72F)
Supply Airflow
(62 to 66 F)
Exhausted
Optional Heat
Recovery
CBAF-HC Heating mode operation
Supply Airflow
(64 to 68F)
Primary Supply Airflow
(62 to 66F)
Room Air
(70 to 72F)
Supply Airflow
(85to 90F)
System Comparison
Description Fully Mixed Fully
Stratified
Partially
Mixed
Comfort/Temp. Better Average Average
Ventilation Lower Better Avg.-Better
Acoustics Average Better Better
Heating Average Lower Average
Humidity Better Lower Lower
Energy Average Better Better
First Cost Better Average Lower
Flexibility Average Lower Better
Rated by C.H.P.S. Vol. II
Fundamentals Handbook (ASHRAE, 2009) Chapter 8
for Sound and Chapter 20 for Room Air Distribution
HVAC Applications Handbook (ASHRAE, 2011) Chapter
47 for Sound and 57 for Room Air Distribution

Selecting Outlets for NC
Questions?
53
The Panel will now answer your questions.
UFAD Controls
Interior Zones (CAV)

Plenum pressure is maintained by adjusting fan
capacity at the air handler
Occupants can make minor changes which are viewed as
setup adjustments and not operating adjustment

Perimeter Zones (VAV)

Typically experience load changes greater than
interior
Automatic VAV control is preferred


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