Wind Provisions

Wind Loads:
The ASCE 7 Provisions

CE 694R Fall 2007
T. Bart Quimby, P.E., Ph.D.

Quimby & Associates
A Beginner's Guide to ASCE 7-05
Permitted Design Methods
Method 1Simplified Procedure
(ASCE 7-05 Section 6.4)
Low rise buildings. This is an outgrowth of work done
for/by the metal building industry.
Method 2Analytical Procedure
(ASCE 7-05 Section 6.5)
The typically used procedure. This is the main focus of
this presentation.
Method 3Wind Tunnel Procedure
(ASCE 7-05 6.6)

See ASCE 7-05 6.1.2
Important Definitions
Basic Wind Speed
Building open, enclosed, partially enclosed
Low-Rise Building
See ASCE 7-05 6.2
Exposure Categories
Exposure A Deleted in ASCE 7-02 and later
Extremely sheltered. Large city centers with tall buildings.
Exposure B
Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, areas with many
closely spaced obstructions.
Exposure C
Open terrain with scatter obstructions. Airports, areas that
are generally flat open country.
Exposure D
Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces outside
hurricane prone regions. This category includes smooth mud
flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice that extend 5,000 ft or 20
times the building height in the upwind direction.
See ASCE 7-05 6.5.6 & C6.5.6 (See images!)
Determining Exposure
Wind Direction & Sectors (ASCE 7-05
6.5.6.1)
the exposure of the building or structure shall
be determined for the two upwind sectors
extending 45
o
either side of the selected wind
direction.
the exposure resulting in the highest wind
loads shall be used to represent the winds
from that direction.

ASCE 7-05 Wind Pressures
The basic form of the pressure equation:

p = qGC

Where
p = a wind pressure on a surface
q = velocity pressure. This is the pressure due to a moving
fluid on a flat plate
G = gust factor. The gust factor accounts for dynamic
interaction between the flowing air and the structure
C = pressure coefficient. The pressure coefficient accounts
for varying pressure across a surface.
Velocity Pressure, q
q
z
=Velocity Pressure = 0.00256K
z
K
zt
K
d
V
2
I (lb/ft
2
)
Constant 0.00256
V = Basic wind speed in mph
I = Importance Factor (i.e. different MRI)
K
z
= Exposure Coefficient
K
zt
= Topographical Factor
K
d
= Wind Directionality Factor
Evaluated at an elevation z:
q
z
= 0.00256V
2
IK
z
K
zt
K
d
Evaluated at the building mean roof elevation, h:
q
h
= 0.00256V
2
I K
h
K
ht
K
d
See ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
The Velocity Coefficient
Based on the average density of air at sea level.
P
1
2
V
2
1
2
[
0.0765
32.2
][
5280
3600
]
2
V
2
0.00256V
2
See ASCE 7-05 C6.5.10
Basic Wind Speed, V
Obtained from Wind Speed maps in ASCE 7-
05 Figure 6-1.
Determined by localized research using
approved probabilistic methods.
The basic wind speed shall be increased
where records or experience indicate that the
wind speeds are higher than those reflected
in Fig. 6-1. (ASCE 7-05 6.5.4.1)
See ASCE 7-05 6.5.4
The Importance Factor, I
Category I: I = .87
MRI is 25 years
Category II: I = 1.00
MRI is 50 years
Category III & IV: I = 1.15
MRI is 100 years
Building Categories are listed in ASCE 7-05
Table 1-1.
See ASCE 7-05 6.5.5, Table 6-1 and Commentary 6.5.5
Velocity Pressure Exposure
Coefficients, K
z
and K
h
Modifies basic wind pressure for heights
other than 33 ft and exposures other than
exposure C.
Can compute K directly from equations in the
commentary for any height and/or exposure.
Good for spreadsheet or computer
programming.
For elevations less than 15 ft, use K
15
.
For elevations above gradient height use K
g
.
See ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6, Tables 6-2 and 6-3, and C6.5.6.6
K
z
& K
h
Computation
K
z
= 2.01(z/z
g
)
2/a
K Computation
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Elevation, z (ft)
K
Exposure B
Exposure C
Exposure D
When z > z
g
use z = z
g
When z < 15 use z = 15 ft
Topographical Factor, K
zt
K
zt
= 1.0 when:
H/L
h
< 0.2, or
H < 15' for Exposures C & D,
or
H < 60' for Exposure B.
K
zt
= (1+K
1
K
2
K
3
)
2
See ASCE 7-05 6.5.7 & Commentary 6.5.7
K
zt

Constants
K
zt
Multipliers by Equation
See ASCE 7-05 Figure 6.4
Directionality Factor, K
d
This factor shall only be
applied when used in
conjunction with load
combinations specified
in Sections 2.3 and 2.4.
The wind load factors
changed when the
directionality factor was
extracted.

See ASCE 7-05 6.5.4.4 and
Table 6-4
The Gust Factor, G
Factor accounting for:
Gustiness and turbulence
Gust frequency
Gust size
Integral scale longitudinal and lateral
Frequency of structure
Structural damping
Aerodynamic admittance
Gust correlation
Gust Factor, G
For stiff buildings and stiff structures
G = 0.85
For flexible buildings and other structures
Calculate by a rational analysis that
incorporates the dynamic properties of the
main wind-force resisting system.
See ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Pressure Coefficients, C
The pressure coefficients are based on
The enclosure category of the structure
The location on a structure for which a pressure is to
be computed.
The pressure coefficients have been determined
experimentally from wind tunnel studies done on
regular shaped structures
The coefficient represents the ratio between measured
pressure and the computed basic velocity pressure.
C
P
measured
1
2
V
2
Enclosure Classifications
A building is to be classified as one of the following:
Open
A
o
> 0.8A
g
for each wall
Partially Enclosed
A
o
> 1.10 A
oi
, and
A
o
> min[4 sqft , 0.01A
g
], and
A
oi
/A
gi
< 0.20
Enclosed
A building that is neither open nor partially enclosed.
See ASCE 7-05 6.2 & 6.5.9
Location of Pressure
ASCE 7 provides means for computing forces on
various surfaces.
The building envelope surfaces experience pressure
on both sides (i.e. external and internal).
Internal Pressure Coefficients, GC
pi
Internal pressure is fairly easy because the air is
relatively stagnant and the shape of the structure
does not affect its magnitude.
As gusting is not a concern internally, the gust factor
and the pressure coefficient are combined.
GC
pi
The magnitude of the internal pressure coefficient is
strictly dependent on the enclosure classification.
The pressure can be both positive or negative (i.e.
suction) depending on the direction of the wind
relative to opening for partially enclosed or enclosed
buildings.
Both internal pressures must be considered.
See ASCE 7-05 6.5.11.1 & Figure 6-5
Internal Pressure
External Pressure Coefficients, C
p
As external surfaces are subject to flowing air, the
pressure varies considerably on the building surface
depending on structural configuration and direction of
the wind.
Coefficients also depend on whether the resulting
forces are to be used to design/analyze:
Main Wind-Force Resisting Systems
Structural elements that support large areas exposed
to the wind
Components & Cladding
Structural elements that support small areas exposed
to the wind
See ASCE 7-05 6.5.11.2 & Figures 6-6, 6-7, and 6-8
Buildings with Roofs Consisting of
Flat Surfaces
ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-6 gives the external
coefficients of wall and roof surfaces.
See ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-6
Flat Surfaces Wall C
p
Wall pressure depends on whether the wall is
Windward
Same regardless of building plan dimensions
Leeward
Dependant on building plan dimensions
Side
Same regardless of building plan dimensions

Flat Surfaces Roof C
p
Dependent on direction of wind relative to
ridge
Coefficients are given for various conditions.
Interpolation is used to find values of
conditions between those given.
Wind Normal to Ridge
Wind NORMAL to ridge
Values given for different
building height to length
ratios and roof slope
angles.
Windward roof surfaces
Can be both positive
and negative on some
slopes. Both need
consideration as
separate load cases.
Leeward roof surfaces
All negative.

Wind Parallel to Ridge

Parallel to ridge,
flat or nearly flat
Two different
h/L ranges,
both with
stepped
pressures.
Interpolate
between
ranges

Domed Roofs
Pressure distributions are fairly complex.
Two load cases to be considered.
Arched Roofs
Pressure coefficient depends on rate of rise
of the arch.
Pressure varies by along the arch.
Components & Cladding
Elements of the structure that support local
peak loads need to be designed for these
pressures.
The magnitude of the force is dependent on
the wind area tributary to the component
The smaller the tributary area of a component
the more likely to see relatively high pressures
on their tributary areas.

Some Local Effects
Wind
around a
corner
Image from FEMA Multi
Hazard Seminar
Wind at a Corner
Image from FEMA Multi
Hazard Seminar
Uplift on Roof
Images from FEMA Multi
Hazard Seminar
Wall Components
For buildings
under 60 ft
See ASCE
7-05 Figure
6-17 for
building
greater than
60 ft tall.
See ASCE 7-05 Figure 6-11A
Roof Components
Lots of different roof types with different
requirements.
Gable Roofs of various angles
Gable/Hip Roofs
Stepped Roofs
Multispan Gable Roofs
Monoslope Roofs
Sawtooth Roofs
Typical
Roof
Chart
Finding Net Pressure
The net pressure is the vector sum of the
internal and external pressures.
Typical form:
p = qGC
p
q
i
(GC
pi
)
Note the sign positive pressure externally
opposes positive pressure internally (i.e. they
act in opposite directions).

See ASCE 7-05 6.5.12
Sample Problem
V = 120 mph
Exposure C
Enclosed

Wind Provisions

Enviado por

Dados do documento

Direitos autorais

Formatos disponíveis

Compartilhar este documento

Compartilhar ou incorporar documento

Opções de compartilhamento

Você considera este documento útil?

Este conteúdo é inapropriado?

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Wind Provisions

Enviado por

Direitos autorais:

Formatos disponíveis

Wind Loads:

The ASCE 7 Provisions

Você também pode gostar