1. The document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs), which are used to control the speed of AC motors by varying the motor input frequency and voltage.
2. A VFD generally consists of an AC motor, a main controller assembly, and an operator interface. The main controller assembly uses a rectifier to convert AC power to DC, then an inverter to convert it back to AC power at a variable frequency that controls motor speed.
3. VFDs provide benefits like energy savings compared to constant speed drives, stable and reliable performance, and allow isolated control signals between the power cell and controller.
1. The document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs), which are used to control the speed of AC motors by varying the motor input frequency and voltage.
2. A VFD generally consists of an AC motor, a main controller assembly, and an operator interface. The main controller assembly uses a rectifier to convert AC power to DC, then an inverter to convert it back to AC power at a variable frequency that controls motor speed.
3. VFDs provide benefits like energy savings compared to constant speed drives, stable and reliable performance, and allow isolated control signals between the power cell and controller.
1. The document discusses variable frequency drives (VFDs), which are used to control the speed of AC motors by varying the motor input frequency and voltage.
2. A VFD generally consists of an AC motor, a main controller assembly, and an operator interface. The main controller assembly uses a rectifier to convert AC power to DC, then an inverter to convert it back to AC power at a variable frequency that controls motor speed.
3. VFDs provide benefits like energy savings compared to constant speed drives, stable and reliable performance, and allow isolated control signals between the power cell and controller.
CH.ASHWINI - 09W91A0217 V.PRIYANKA GOUD 09W91A0256 D.BASAVESHWAR 07W91A0208 E.RAVI RAJA - 08W91A0239 Under the guidance of M.Spandana,M.tech Asst.Prof, EEE department Malla Reddy Institute of Engineering and Technology
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVES
A variable-frequency drive (VFD) is a type of adjustable-speed drive
It is used in electro-mechanical drive systems to control AC motor speed and torque by varying motor input frequency and voltage.
INTRODUCTION Systems employed for motion control are called drives and may employ any of the prime movers such as diesel or petrol engines ,electric motors, for supplying mechanical energy for motion control . Drives employing electrical motors are known as electrical drives.
ELECTRICAL DRIVES There are two types of electrical drives mainly
1. DC Drives 2. AC Drives
DC drives are dc motor control systems
AC drives are AC motor speed control systems
TYPES OF ELECTRICAL DRIVES
It controls the rotational speed of an AC motor by controlling the frequency of electrical power supplied to motor.
Its a specific type of adjustable speed drive What is a VFD Danfoss = First company to mass produce a.c. variable frequency drives (VFD) EVOLUTION OF VFD 2003 2007 1998 1993 1988 1983 1973 1968 A variable frequency drive generally consists of following:
Ac motor
Main controller assembly
Operator interface
DESCRIPTION OF VFD
It is usually a 3 phase induction motor.
An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current.
The magnetic field on the rotor is either generated by current delivered through slip rings or by a permanent magnet. AC MOTOR It is a solid state power electronic conversion device. It consists of three main parts
Bridge rectifier
DC link
Inverter MAIN CONTROLLER ASSEMBLY It converts AC input power to DC intermediate power using a rectifier or converter.
BRIDGE CONTROLLED RECTIFIER
DC intermediate power is then converted to quasi sinusoidal AC power using inverter switching circuit DC LINK It changes DC energy into three channels of AC energy that can be used by AC motor BASIC INVERTER
The operator interface often includes an alphanumeric display and/or indication lights and meters to provide information about the operation of the drive. A serial communications port is also often available to allow the VFD to be configured, adjusted, monitored and controlled using a computer
OPERATOR INTERFACE CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF VFD WORKING OF VFD
AC motor characteristics require the applied voltage to be proportionally adjusted whenever frequency is changed in order to deliver the rated torque BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VFD
There are many methods of control for frequency in variable frequency drives
Among them PWM is mostly used because of its own advantages. METHODS OF CONTROL
Pulse-width modulation (PWM), or pulse-duration modulation (PDM), is a commonly used technique for controlling power to inertial electrical devices, made practical by modern electronic power switches. PULSE WIDTH MODULATION VFDs use their output devices (IGBTs, Transistors, thyristors) only as switches.
They can be classified as
Voltage source inverter fed drives i.e. constant voltage
Current source inverter fed drives i.e. constant current
TYPES OF VFD
Constant voltage converter : intermediate DC link voltage remains constant during each output cycle
Constant current drives : large inductor is placed between the input rectifier and the output bridge, so the current delivered is nearly constant CONSTANT CURRENT AND VOLTAGES DRIVES
Cooling of the motor is usually not good in low speed range . When frequency reaches zero, motor is shut off.
The motor shall require a load reactor and filters if the pump leads from the VFD exceed certain conditions FACTORS AFFECTING SPEED CONTROL ENERGY SAVINGS Example : vfd for centrifugal pump Flow is proportional to speed Power varies to the cube of the speed change 20% reduction in speed = 50% reduction in energy 50% reduction in speed = 80% reduction in energy
VFD controllers designed to operate at 111v volts to 690v are often classified as low voltage units.
Typically designed for use with motor rated to deliver 0.2 k.watts up to several mega watts.
Medium voltage VFD controllers are designed to operate at 2400/4162 volts (60hz), 3000 volts(50 hz )
VFD RATINGS VFDs are frequently used to control motors for: Fans, Pumps, Compressors Mills. Oil & Gas, petroleum, petro chemistry: oil transfer pumps, compressors, pumps, etc. Mining: mortar pumps, fans, etc. Water and waste water: water supply pump, etc.
APPLICATIONS
Hence variable frequency drives are mainly used because of the following reasons:
Stable and reliable performance
Saves energy and therefore reduces energy costs
Isolated control signal provided by fibre optics between Power cell and Controller