A documentary has to: Inform Educate Investigate Entertain
They are subject specific with an argument/clear point including facts presented in different styles.
A documentary film is a nonfictional motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction or maintaining a historical record. Early film (pre-1900) was dominated by the novelty of showing an event. They were single-shot moments captured on film: a train entering a station, a boat docking, or factory workers leaving work. These short films were called "actuality" films; the term "documentary" was not coined until 1926. Many of the first films, such as those made by Auguste and Louis Lumire, were a minute or less in length, due to technological limitations. Frame from one of Marinescu's science films (1899). Direct Cinema was a large movement in the late 1950s to early 1960s in North America. It was characterized initially by filmmakers' desire to directly capture reality and represent it truthfully. It began to question the relationship of reality with cinema. It aimed to present social and political issues in the era as a piece of recorded history for future generations. Cinema Verite was a similar movement created in France by Jean Rouch. It was a minimalistic style of film making that convoyed real life events happening in France, as the same in USA to record as history for other generations. In these films the viewers are shown a front account analysis of what is happening in the country perhaps. Features of a Documentary Observation
Observation is when the creator of the documentary monitors someone or something closely showing a clear focused aspect to the viewer. This is more than likely done with the use of a camera. Mise-En-Scene
An expression used to describe the designs/aspects of a film or theatre production. This means visual theme or telling a story from on the use of the background presented Exposition
The exposition is the part of a story/film that introduces an important background information to the documentary for the viewers purpose. Eg, characters back stories, information on settings and events occurring before the main plot. Interview
An interview is a conversation between two individuals with questions about the focus of the documentary being asked. This extracts facts and information from the interviewee for viewers. Dramatisation
Dramatisation is a reconstruction of events used to create a story/idea to a dramatic extent. This makes the documentary more fascinating for the audience to watch. Documentary Types A fully narrated documentary has an off screen voice playing throughout. This type of narration is mostly seen in documentaries that focus on nature. The narration in these documentaries is what some people call a voice of god as it knows everything about the subject and gives specific information to the topic for the audience.
Human Planet produced by BBC Earth is a clear example of a fully narrated documentary as it has a voice of god. A fly on the wall documentary uses cinema verite which captures a what seems like natural setting to the audience. This type of documentary is usually observational only and rarely almost never have a commentary or narration. These documentaries are filmed on the spot when the situation is occurring and then edited to make it more enticing for viewers. However, this makes the documentary full truthful as some aspects of film may have been cut out. Educating Essex is a prime example of a fly on the wall documentary as it uses cinema verite. Fully Narrated
Fly On The Wall
Mixed Self-reflective
Re-Enactment of Events
Docusoap A mixed documentary is most common. This documentary type uses a combination of interviews, observation and narration to entice the audience and persuade the viewer to look at the topic in a certain way. A strength of a mixed documentary is that it is representative of many different view points looking at all the aspects of the topic through different codes and conventions. Within a self-reflective documentary the documenter talks directly into the camera usually self filmed for a particular topic they are dealing with. Talking directly into the camera is used to get the viewers attention. An example of this is Cure me Im Gay by Christian Jessen A Re-Enactment of Events documentary, sometimes known as a docudrama, is a re-enactment of a real life event in order of how they happened. In these documentaries the actors and crew work hard to try and involve as much truth and facts as possible. Docusoaps documentaries, originated in the UK, involve investigating in different types of characters by following them in their day to day lives. These documentaries are very popular as they require no cast, very little crew and are cheap to make. An example is Storage Wars as it follows normal regular people than a hired cast. A clear example of a Re- Enactment of Events documentary is 127 hours as it shows a true story