RISK MANAGEMENT & ASSESSMENT

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To define what is hazard, risk and danger

To explain the risk assessment process

To describe the method of identifying hazard

To use the risk assessment matrix

To explain the hierarchy of control
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Learning Objectives
Overview of risk and risk assessment

Planning for risk assessment

Risk control
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Scope
Overview Of Risk And
Risk Assessment
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Hazard: A source or a situation with a
potential for harm in terms of human injury
or ill health, damage to property, damage to
the environment or a combination of these.

Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
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Definitions
Risk: A combination of the likelihood of an
occurrence of a hazardous event with specified
period or in specified circumstances and the
severity of injury or damage to the health of
people, property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event.

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Definitions
What is Risk assessment: The process of
evaluating the risks to safety and health arising
from hazards at work.
Risk assessment results is documented and used
for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
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Risk Assessment
1. Integrate Risk Management as part of
planning at all levels of business
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately (depending
on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
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Basic Principles Of
Risk Management
Gives organisations a more effective way of
managing hazards
Requirement of the law e.g.
OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 & USECHH
Regulations 2000
Requirement of OSH management system
standards:
MS 1722:2003,
OHSAS 18001 and
ISO 14001, etc.

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Why Carry Out
Risk Assessment?
Routine and non-routine activities including
emergencies;

Activities of all personnel having access to the
workplace (including subcontractors and visitors);

Facilities at the workplace, whether provided-by
the organization or others.
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Risk Assessment Should Be Carried Out
For:
Before Operation
During Operation
After Operation
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When To Carry Out
Risk Assessment
Types of review:
initial review, and
periodic review.
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When To Review
Risk Assessment
Review whenever there are changes:
internal
Before modification, changes or introduction
of new
Materials, machinery or processes, working
procedures,
external
Amendments of national laws and regulations
Developments in OSH knowledge and
technology

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When To Review
Risk Assessment
Person or persons trained to identify hazard and
risk assessment
In some cases legally competent person, example
: Chemical Health Risk Assessor

Consultation with and involvement of workers
Safety and health committee OR workers and
their representatives

Involvement of supervisors
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Who Will Carry Out
Risk Assessment
Hazard Identification

Risk Assessment

Risk Control

Review
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Basic Components Of
Risk Management
The Process of
Risk Management
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Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Determine Risk
Decide if Risk is Tolerable
Risk Control Action Plan
Identify Hazards
Review Adequacy of Risk Control
Start
Risk = Severity X Likelihood
Hazard Identification
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Man Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
Method The way people carry out their work
Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration
etc.
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SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Classification
of Hazards
Example of Potential Sources of
Hazards
Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,
overload or force a tool beyond its
capabilities and grinding wheel without
guard
Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged,
electrical face plate or cover broken or
missing and fan cord insulation pulled
loose
Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne
viruses, bacteria and fungus
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Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification
of Hazards
Example of Potential Sources of
Hazards
Chemical

Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,
sensitizers and corrosive chemicals.
Ergonomics

Repeated exposure to unnatural
postures and unnatural movement,
wrong design of workstation, tools and
task.
Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at
work.
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Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
Area Map
Site plan(s); own and neighbor
Process flow-charts
Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals,
wastes, products, sub-products)
Toxicology and other health and safety data
Monitoring data
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Pre-Assessment
Information Gathering
Geographical areas within/outside the
premises;
Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service;
Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning);
Identify the working groups;
Land use; previous property use, future use.
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Pre-Assessment
Classifying Work Activities
Review of documents and publications

Inspection and observation at the workplace

Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring
the environment or medical surveillance of
workers

Hazard Analysis
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Methods Of
Identifying Hazards
Reports of accidents, accident investigation
and audits

Information from publications
Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice
Statistics
Handbooks
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
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Document Review
Types of inspections: statutory inspection, periodic
inspection, formal and informal inspection

Documentation - Checklist and inspection
worksheet (standard approach and record)
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Inspection and Observation
Activities - to involve supervisors, managers and
employees

Inspection outcome - to include actions and
timeframes

Ensure follow up on action - to ensure
effectiveness

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Inspection and Observation
Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring.

Monitoring of:
Noise
Heat
Radiation
Air contaminants
Chemicals etc.
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Exposure Monitoring
Biological monitoring is a regular measuring activity
where selected validated indicators of the uptake
of toxic substances in the human body are
determined in order to prevent health impairment.

This form of monitoring could entail examination
of, for example, blood, urine, saliva and expired
air.
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Biological Monitoring
Biological monitoring commonly features in the
health or medical surveillance of persons
exposed to hazardous environments especially
complying to legal requirement i.e. USECHH
Regulations 2000 etc.
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Biological Monitoring
Health Surveillance is Warranted if:
Substance is used in workplace

Substance is hazardous

Evidence or reason to suspect injury

Atmospheric monitoring insufficient


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Medical Surveillance
Method use: (example)

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Fault Tree Analysis etc.
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Hazards Analysis
Job described in less than 10 steps

Action verb used to describe job

List things that can go wrong
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Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Note:
The term JSA includes the formulation of
safe work procedures using written
instructions for workers

May still require other risk controls

Supervisor and workers assist

Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

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Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
To identify and evaluate safety hazard in the process
plant
To identify operability problems
New design or process
Multidisciplinary brainstorming
What If questionnaire method
Focus on fire, explosion, toxic release etc.
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Hazards And Operability Studies
(HAZOP)
Fault Tree Analysis
To analyse how and why incident could occur.

Graphic technique - traces branches of events.

To calculate probability of end event.

Example: Water pumping system
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Fault Tree Analysis
Pump failure (A) Pump failure (B)
(automatic
standby pump)
Pump failure Control valve (C)
failure to regulate
flow of water through
pump
No Flow (T)
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No water flow occurs if both pumps fail or if the control valve fails.
If the individual initiating event probabilities P(A), P(B), and P(C) are known,
then the probability of P(T) the top or end event can be calculated.
Risk Assessment
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Approach:

Qualitative Risk Assessment

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

Quantitative Risk Assessment
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Types of Risk Assessment
Severity in terms of:

Harm to health
Damage to property
Damage to environment
Or the combination of the above
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Determining Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
Fatality

Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or
damage to health)

Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or
damage to health requiring days off work)

Negligible injuries (first aid)

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Severity
Based on statistic & data, professional judgement.

Determine likelihood categories i.e.:
highly likely,
likely,
highly unlikely.
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Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
Very likely - could happen frequently

Likely - could happen occasionally

Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

Highly unlikely - could happen, but
probably never will
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Likelihood
Qualitative Risk Table
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Severity Likelihood
Very Likely Likely Unlikely Highly Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium
Major Injuries High High Medium Medium
Minor Injuries High Medium Medium Low
Negligible Injuries Medium Medium Low Low
Determine severity categories i.e. :
4: Fatality & Permanent Disability

3: More than 4 days MC

2: Less than or 4 days MC

1: First aid and near misses





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Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard

4: Daily

3: Weekly

2: Monthly

1: Yearly



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Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
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Semi-Quantitative
Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
S
E
V
E
R
I
T
Y

Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
1 2 3 4
First Aid
and Near
Misses
1 1 2 3 4
Less than
or 4 days
MC
2 2 4 6 8
More than
4 days MC
3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Permanent
Disability
4 4 8 12 16
Where the hazards presented by the undertaking are
numerous and complex, and may involve novel processes,
for example in the case of large chemicals process plants,
detailed and sophisticated risk assessments will be needed,
and it is appropriate to carry out a detailed quantitative risk
assessment.
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Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Quantitative risk assessment involves obtaining a numerical
estimate of the risk from a quantitative consideration of
event probabilities and consequences.

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Quantitative
Risk Assessment
In carrying out quantitative risk assessments, special
quantitative tools and techniques will be used for hazard
identification, and to estimate the severity of the
consequences and the likelihood of realisation of the
hazards.

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Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Where such methods and techniques are used it is
important that they are carried out by suitably qualified and
experience assessors.

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Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Decision For Action
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LEVE
L

OF

RISK
AS LOW AS REASONABLY PRACTICABLE (ALARP)
PRINCIPLE
Risk cannot be
justified
on any grounds
A
L
A
R
P
Risk is undertaken if
a benefit is desired

Reduce risk

No need for detailed
action
TOLERABLE IF:
Reduction
Impractical
or
Cost / gain grossly
Disproportionate
Intolerable (e.g. H,H or >10)
Trivial
Risk Assessment Form
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Activities / process / facilities/
equipment
Hazard Effect
Current Risk
Control
Legal
Reqmt
Risk
Action & Recommendations
Severity. Likelihood.
Risk
Rating



















































Risk Control
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Principle of Control
Substitution
Modify process
Enclosure
Local exhaust
Fugitive
emission control
Isolation
Housekeeping
General
ventilation
Continuous area
monitoring
Dilution
ventilation
Automation or
remote control
Training and
education
Worker rotation
Enclosure of
worker
Personal
monitoring
Personal
protective devices
Review measures regularly; modify if necessary

Comply with national laws and regulations

Reflect good management practice; and
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Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
Consider the current state of knowledge

Include information or reports from organizations such as:
DOSH, OSH services, and others.

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Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
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Hierarchy Of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard.

FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in
restricted room
Engineering Control design, isolation at source,
barricade, guarding,

LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control safe work procedure, isolation
i.e. reduce exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
PPE - last resort.
The basis of OSH management is the identification
of hazard, risk assessment and control
Ways of identifying hazards varies from inspection
of the workplace to reviewing legislation
Risk assessment allows an organisation to build a
sound basis for managing hazard
Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination;
use PPE as protection is the last resort
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Summary