Naveen Patel

Naveen Patel

Advantages of Dynamic Routing over Static Routing :
Advertise only the directly connected networks.
Updates the topology changes dynamically.
Administrative work is reduced.
Used in medium & large networks.
Dynamic Routing
Naveen Patel
Distance Vector Protocol

Link State Protocol

Hybrid Protocol (Advance Distance Vector Protocol)


Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols
Naveen Patel
Uses Bellman-Ford algorithm.
Classfull routing protocol.
Full Routing tables are exchanged.
Routing updates are sent at periodic intervals.
Updates are sent through broadcast IP address.
Also known as Routing By Rumor
Example: RIP-v1, IGRP.
Distance Vector Protocols
Naveen Patel
Uses Dijkstras algorithm.
Classless routing protocol.
First time full Database tables are exchanged, later
only changed link state information is exchanged.
Incremental / Flash updates.
Updates are sent through multicast IP address.
Also known as Routing by Intelligence
Example : OSPF, IS-IS.
Link State Protocols
Naveen Patel
Uses DUAL (Diffusion Update Algorithm)
Classless routing protocols
Missing routes are exchanged
Incremental updates
Updates are sent through multicast IP address
Also known as Routing by Intelligence
Example : EIGRP, RIP-v2
Hybrid Protocols
Naveen Patel
Open Standard Protocol
Classfull routing protocol
Updates are sent on broadcast IP address
255.255.255.255
Administrative distance is 120
Metric : Hop count
Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16
Load Balancing on 4 equal cost paths (Maximum 6 paths)
Used for small networks
Routing Information Protocol
Naveen Patel
Update timer : 30 sec
Time between consecutive updates
Invalid timer : 180 sec
Time a router waits to hear updates
The route is marked unreachable if there is no
update during this interval.
Flush timer : 240 sec
Time before the invalid route is purged from the
routing table
Rip Timers
Naveen Patel
RIP - Network Diagram
LAN - 192.168.1.0/24 LAN 192.168.2.0/24 LAN - 192.168.3.0/24
E0
192.168.1.1/24
E0
192.168.2.1/24
10.0.0.1/8
S0
S1
10.0.0.2/8
11.0.0.1/8
S0
S1
11.0.0.2/8
HYD
CHE
BAN
E0
192.168.3.1/24
Naveen Patel

More Bandwidth utilization for sending updates
Doesnt consider the bandwidth in metric calculation,
uses only hop counts
Slow convergence
Formation of Routing loops

Disadvantages of RIP
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Routing loops
Routing loops are formed due to the default behavior of RIP, where it
exchanges the complete routing tables with its neighbors or due to slow
network convergence.
Naveen Patel
Routing Loop Avoidance
There are three in-built mechanisms which
avoids routing loops in Distance-Vector Routing Protocols
Route Poisoning
It is a mechanism to inform about unreachable routes to neighbors.
2. Split Horizon
A Route learned through an interface is never advertised back on the same interface it
learned.
3. Hold-down timer
Timer set to avoid inconsistent updates.
Flash update (Triggered update) : Route will use flash update to intimate
topology changes to neighbor.
Naveen Patel
Comparison between RIPv1 & RIPv2
Classfull routing
protocol

Do not advertise
subnet mask
information in routing
update

It works with
broadcasting
(255.255.255.255)

It does not support
authentication
Classless routing
protocol

Advertise subnet mask
information in routing
updates

It works with
multicasting(224.0.0.9)

Supports
authentication
RIP-v1 RIP-v2
Naveen Patel
Naveen Patel
exit Hyderabad(config-if)#
Hyderabad(config)#
telnet 192.168.1.1
================================
Welcome to Hyderabad Router
================================
User Access Verification
password :
****
****
enable
configure terminal
interface serial 0
ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
no shut
clockrate 64000
encapsulation hdlc
Hyderabad>
password :
Hyderabad#
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Hyderabad(config)#
Hyderabad(config-if)#
Hyderabad(config-if)#
Hyderabad(config-if)#
Hyderabad(config-if)#
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:\>
Connecting .....
Directly Connected Networks on
HYDERABAD Router
192.168.1.0
10.0.0.0
Diagram
Naveen Patel
Hyderabad(config)#
router rip
Hyderabad(config-router)#
Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0
Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
no ip routing Hyderabad(config)#
Hyderabad(config)#
ip routing
Configuring RIP
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>
Diagram
Naveen Patel
show ip route Hyderabad#
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0
C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0
R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/2] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0
Hyderabad#

^
Z
Hyderabad(config)#
router rip
Hyderabad(config-router)#
Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0
Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
no ip routing Hyderabad(config)#
Hyderabad(config)#
ip routing
R for RIP routes
120 is nothing but
Administrative Distance
Metric of Rip
Hop Count
Diagram
Naveen Patel
show ip protocols Hyderabad#
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 13 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface Send Recv Key-chain
Ethernet0 1 1 2
Serial0 1 1 2
Routing for Networks:
192.168.1.0
10.0.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
10.0.0.2 120 00:00:00
Distance: (default is 120)
Hyderabad#

Diagram
Naveen Patel
Chennai(config-if)#
Chennai(config-if)#
================================
Welcome to Chennai Router
================================
User Access Verification
password :
****
****
enable
configure terminal
ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
no shut
encapsulation hdlc
interface serial 0
Chennai>
password :
Chennai#
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Chennai(config)#
Chennai(config-if)#
Chennai(config-if)#
Chennai(config-if)#
Chennai(config-if)#
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:\>
Connecting .....
Chennai(config-if)#
telnet 192.168.2.1
interface serial 1
ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0
no shut
encapsulation hdlc
Directly Connected Networks on
CHENNAI Router
192.168.2.0
10.0.0.0
11.0.0.0
Diagram
Naveen Patel
Chennai(config)#
router rip
Chennai(config-router)#
Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0
Chennai(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
no ip routing Chennai(config)#
Chennai(config)#
ip routing
network 11.0.0.0
Chennai(config-router)#
Configuring RIP
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>
Diagram
Naveen Patel
show ip route Chennai#
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:01, Serial1
C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] via 11.0.0.2, 00:00:12, Serial0
Chennai#

^
Z
Chennai(config)#
router rip
Chennai(config-router)#
Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0
Chennai(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0
no ip routing Chennai(config)#
Chennai(config)#
ip routing
network 11.0.0.0
Chennai(config-router)#
R for RIP routes
120 is nothing but
Administrative Distance
Metric of Rip
Hop Count
Diagram
Naveen Patel
show ip protocols Chennai#
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 5 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface Send Recv Key-chain
Ethernet0 1 1 2
Serial0 1 1 2
Serial1 1 1 2
Routing for Networks:
192.168.2.0
10.0.0.0
11.0.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
11.0.0.2 120 00:00:23
10.0.0.1 120 00:00:03
Distance: (default is 120)
Chennai#

Diagram
Naveen Patel
exit Banglore(config-if)#
Banglore(config)#
================================
Welcome to Banglore Router
================================
User Access Verification
password :
****
****
enable
configure terminal
ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0
no shut
clockrate 64000
encapsulation hdlc
Banglore>
password :
Banglore#
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.
Banglore(config)#
Banglore(config-if)#
Banglore(config-if)#
Banglore(config-if)#
Banglore(config-if)#
Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195]
(C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp.
C:\>
Connecting .....
telnet 192.168.3.1
interface serial 1
Directly Connected Networks on
Banglore Router
192.168.3.0
11.0.0.0
Diagram
Naveen Patel
Banglore(config)#
router rip
Banglore(config-router)#
Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0
Banglore(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0
no ip routing Banglore(config)#
Banglore(config)#
ip routing
Configuring RIP
Router(config)# router rip
Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>
Diagram
Naveen Patel
show ip route Banglore#
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default
U - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set

R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1
C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1
R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1
R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1
C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Banglore#

^
Z
Banglore(config)#
router rip
Banglore(config-router)#
Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0
Banglore(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0
no ip routing Banglore(config)#
Banglore(config)#
ip routing
R for RIP routes
120 is nothing but
Administrative Distance
Metric of Rip
Hop Count
Diagram
Naveen Patel
show ip protocols Banglore#
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface Send Recv Key-chain
Ethernet0 1 1 2
Serial1 1 1 2
Routing for Networks:
192.168.3.0
11.0.0.0
12.0.0.0
Routing Information Sources:
Gateway Distance Last Update
11.0.0.1 120 00:00:06
Distance: (default is 120)
Banglore#

Diagram
Naveen Patel
ping 192.168.3.10 Hyderabad#
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Hyderabad#
!!!!!
ping 192.168.2.10
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Hyderabad#
!!!!!
Diagram
Naveen Patel
ping 192.168.1.10 Chennai#
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Chennai#
!!!!!
ping 192.168.3.10
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Chennai#
!!!!!
Diagram
Naveen Patel
ping 192.168.1.10 Banglore#
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Banglore#
!!!!!
ping 192.168.2.10
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms
Banglore#
!!!!!
Diagram