Kuat Geser Tanah

Reza P. Munirwan, ST, M.Sc

Direct Shear Test
(Uji Geser Langsung)
Percobaan laboratorium lainnya,
Direct simple shear test, torsional
ring shear test, plane strain triaxial
test, laboratory vane shear test,
laboratory fall cone test
Determination of shear strength parameters of
soils (c, f or c, f)
Percobaan Laboratorium
menggunakan sampel
tanah tidak terganggu
(undisturbed sample)
Percobaan Lapangan
Percobaan lab yang umum,

1.Direct shear test
2.Triaxial shear test
1. Vane shear test
2. Torvane
3. Pocket penetrometer
4. Fall cone
5. Pressuremeter
6. Static cone penetrometer
7. Standard penetration test
Percobaan Laboratorium
Kondisi Lapangan
z
s
vc
s
vc
s
hc
s
hc
Sebelum konstruksi
Model sampel
tanah
z
s
vc
+ Ds

s
hc
s
hc
Selama dan
sesudah konstruksi
s
vc
+ Ds

Percobaan Laboratorium
Simulasi kondisi lapangan
di laboratorium
Step 1
Atur alat tes dan
sampel sedemikian
rupa untuk kondisi
tegangan awal
s
vc
s
vc
s
hc
s
hc
Model sampel
tanah dari
lapangan
0
0 0
0
Step 2
Berikan tegangan
seperti yang akan
diberikan dilapangan
s
vc
+ Ds

s
hc
s
hc
s
vc
+ Ds
s
vc

s
vc

t
t
Direct shear test
Skema alat percobaan direct shear
Direct shear test
Persiapan sampel pasir
Komponen dari shear box Persiapan sampel pasir
Porous
plates
Direct shear test adalah percobaan yang paling sesuai untuk
kondisi percobaan consolidated drained khususnya pada tanah
granular (contoh: pasir/sand) atau lempung keras/stiff clays
Direct shear test
Leveling the top surface
of specimen
Persiapan sampel pasir
Specimen preparation
completed
Pressure plate
Direct shear test
Prosedur Percobaan
Porous
plates
Pressure plate
Steel ball
Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation
P
Proving ring
to measure
shear force
S
Direct shear test
Step 2: Lower box is subjected to a horizontal displacement at a constant rate
Step 1: Apply a vertical load to the specimen and wait for consolidation
P
Prosedur Percobaan
Pressure plate
Steel ball
Proving ring
to measure
shear force
S
Porous
plates
Direct shear test
Shear box
Loading frame to
apply vertical load
Dial gauge to
measure vertical
displacement
Dial gauge to
measure horizontal
displacement
Proving ring
to measure
shear force
Direct shear test
Analisis hasil percobaan
sample the of section cross of Area
(P) force Normal
stress Normal s
sample the of section cross of Area
(S) surface sliding at the developed resistance Shear
stress Shear t
Note: Cross-sectional area of the sample changes with the horizontal
displacement
Direct shear tests pada pasir
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

t

Shear displacement
Dense sand/
OC clay
t
f
Loose sand/
NC clay t
f
Dense sand/OC Clay
Loose sand/NC Clay
C
h
a
n
g
e

i
n

h
e
i
g
h
t

o
f

t
h
e

s
a
m
p
l
e

E
x
p
a
n
s
i
o
n

C
o
m
p
r
e
s
s
i
o
n

Shear displacement
Stress-strain relationship
t
f1
Normal stress = s
1
Direct shear tests pada pasir
Cara menentukan parameter kuat geser c dan f
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s
,

t

Shear displacement
t
f2
Normal stress = s
2
t
f3
Normal stress = s
3
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

f
a
i
l
u
r
e
,

t
f

Normal stress, s
f
Garis keruntuhan Mohr Coulomb
Direct shear tests pada pasir
Hal penting menggenai parameter kuat geser c and f pada pasir
Pasir = tanah non-kohesi,
maka c = 0
Percobaan Direct shear
adalah drained dan
tekanan air pori
terdissipasi, maka u = 0
Kesimpulan,
f = f dan c = c = 0
Direct shear tests pada lempung
Failure envelopes for clay from drained direct shear tests
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

f
a
i
l
u
r
e
,

t
f

Normal force, s
f
Normally consolidated clay (c = 0)
In case of clay, horizontal displacement should be applied at a very
slow rate to allow dissipation of pore water pressure (therefore, one
test would take several days to finish)
Overconsolidated clay (c 0)
Interface tests on direct shear apparatus
In many foundation design problems and retaining wall problems, it
is required to determine the angle of internal friction between soil
and the structural material (concrete, steel or wood)
s t tan '
a f
c
Where,
c
a
= adhesion,
= angle of internal friction
Foundation material
Soil
P
S
Foundation material
Soil
P
S
Kelebihan percobaan direct shear
Drainase yang cepat dapat diperoleh, karena ketebalan sampel
percobaan yang kecil.
Dapat digunakan untuk menggetahui parameter kuat geser pada
pertemuan tanah.
Kekurangan percobaan direct shear
Arah bidang keruntuhan sudah diketahui.
Luas permukaan sliding berubah seiring dengan berjalannya
proses percobaan.
Ketidak seragaman distribusi kuat geser sepanjang bidang
runtuh.
Hasil-hasil pengujian yang diperoleh dari pengujian geser langsung
(direct shear) dengan ukuran sampel 60mm x 60mm pada tanah
lempung berpasir sebagai berikut:
Contoh Soal
Percobaan Beban
Normal (kN)
Beban Geser pada
Keruntuhan (kN)
1 0.20 0.205
2 0.40 0.26
3 0.80 0.355
Gambar garis selubung kegagalannya. Tentukan nilai dari
parameter kuat gesernya.
Penyelesaian
Percobaan Tegangan
Normal (kN/m2)
Tegangan
Geser(kN/m2)
1 56 57
2 111 72
3 223 99
sample the of section cross of Area
(P) force Normal
stress Normal s
sample the of section cross of Area
(S) surface sliding at the developed resistance Shear
stress Shear t
Penyelesaian
S
h
e
a
r

s
t
r
e
s
s

a
t

f
a
i
l
u
r
e
,

t
f

(
k
N
/
m
2
)

Normal stress, s (kN/m2)
In-situ shear tests
Vane shear test
Torvane
Pocket Penetrometer
Pressuremeter
Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push
Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)
Standard Penetration Test, SPT
In-situ shear tests
Vane shear test (suitable for soft to stiff clays)
Torvane
Pocket Penetrometer
Pressuremeter
Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push
Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)
Standard Penetration Test, SPT
PLAN VIEW
Vane shear test
This is one of the most versatile and widely used devices used for
investigating undrained shear strength (C
u
) and sensitivity of soft clays
Bore hole
(diameter = D
B
)
h > 3D
B
)
Vane
D
H
Applied
Torque, T
Vane
T
Rupture
surface
Disturbed
soil
Rate of rotation : 6
0
12
0
per minute
Test can be conducted at 0.5 m
vertical intervals
In-situ shear tests
Vane shear test
Torvane (suitable for very soft to stiff clays)
Pocket Penetrometer
Pressuremeter
Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push
Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)
Standard Penetration Test, SPT
Torvane
Torvane is a modification to the vane

In-situ shear tests
Vane shear test
Torvane
Pocket Penetrometer (suitable for very soft to stiff clays)
Pressuremeter
Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push
Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)
Standard Penetration Test, SPT
Pocket Penetrometer
Pushed directly into the soil. The unconfined compression
strength (q
u
) is measured by a calibrated spring.

Swedish Fall Cone (suitable for very soft to soft clays)
The test must be calibrated

Soil sample
C
u
Mass of the cone
1/(penetration)
2
In-situ shear tests
Vane shear test
Torvane
Pocket Penetrometer
Pressuremeter (suitable for all soil types)
Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push
Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)
Standard Penetration Test, SPT
Pressuremeter
Pre bored or
self bored hole
Guard cell
Measuring cell
Guard cell
Coaxial tube
Water
Air
In-situ shear tests
Vane shear test
Torvane
Pocket Penetrometer
Pressuremeter
Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push
Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)
(suitable for all soil types except very course
granular materials)
Standard Penetration Test, SPT
Static Cone
Penetrometer
test
Cone penetrometers
with pore water
pressure measurement
capability are known as
piezocones
40 mm
40 mm
40 mm
40 mm
In-situ shear tests
Vane shear test
Torvane
Pocket Penetrometer
Pressuremeter
Static Cone Penetrometer test (Push
Cone Penetrometer Test, PCPT)
Standard Penetration Test, SPT
(suitable for granular materials)
Standard Penetration Test, SPT
SPT is the most widely used test procedure to determine
the properties of in-situ soils

63.5 kg
0.76 m
Drill rod
0.15 m
0.15 m
0.15 m
Number of blows = N
1
Number of blows = N
2
Number of blows = N
3
Standard penetration resistance (SPT N) = N
2
+ N
3
Number of blows for the first 150 mm
penetration is disregarded due to the
disturbance likely to exist at the bottom
of the drill hole
The test can be conducted at every 1m
vertical intervals
Various correlations have been developed to determine soil
strength parameters (c, f, ect) from N

Standard Penetration Test, SPT
SPT (Manual operation)