Networking

A network is a set of hardware devices connected together, either

physically or logically to allow them to exchange information. Networks
are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.
Objective
Device Sharing
Data Exchange
Benefit
Cost Saving
Time Saving
Increase Efficiency
No Structural Barrier
No Geographical Barrier
Types of Network
Local Area Network
Distance 0 to 2KM radius or within a campus
Metropolitan Area Network
Distance 2 to 10 KM radius or within a city
Wide Area Network
Distance more than 10 KM radius or beyond a city
Topology
Star

Bus

Ring

Mesh
Communication Channel
Co-axial Cable
* 300 BPS - 10 MBPS
* Less Cost
Twisted Pair
* 56 KBPS - 200 MBPS
Fiber Optics
500 KBPS - 6.4 TBPS
Highly Technical
Microwave
256 KBPS - 100 MBPS
Costly
Line of Sight Problem
Satellite
* 256 KBPS - 100 MBPS
* Sender can receive the data to cross check

Network Tools and Components
Host
Node
NIC
Modem
Hub and Switch
AP
Bridge
Gateway
Router
Backbone
ISP
Firewall
Classification of Networking

Class A
For Very Big Organizations
IP Address From 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255
Class B
For Medium Organizations
IP Address From 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
Class C
For Small Organizations
IP Address From 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
Class D
For Multicast
IP Address From 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255
Class E
Reserved
IP Address From 240.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255

Other Factors
Subnet
Workgroup
IPV4/ IPV6
Protocol
Protocols
TCP/IP
HTTP
FTP
Telnet

Network Technology
Intranet
Intranet is a private computer network used by companies for employees. It is only
accessible within a limited area, thus increasing the security of the network
Ex: Organization network
Extranet
Extranets are basically intranets between a company and its as well as suppliers and
customers who must login.
Ex: Access of data from other branch, corporate data etc.
Internet
Maximum users, open for public, any general connection
VPN
A Virtual Private Network based on Internet with a private tunnel to pass the data from
source to destination. It is highly secured. Typically used in Banking
DNS
Domain Name System. A database to store the web and IP address
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
Used to assign automatic IP addresses to the systems

Network Architecture
Client Server
Distributed
A Network Model
Router
Intranet Server
Intranet Server
The
Internet
Fire wall
Fire wall
Router
Internet
Switch
Switch
Telecommunications Strategic Capabilities
Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information
about business transactions from remote locations.
Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote
locations immediately after it is requested.
Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more
traditional means of communications.
Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for
competitive advantage.
A Telecommunications network model
COMPUTERS TERMINALS
Input / output devices
COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
Co-axial Cable, Twisted Pair Cable, Fiber Optics,
Microwave, Satellite
PROCESSORS:
Modems, multiplexers, front-end processors
COMMUNICATIONS SOFTWARE
OS, Network Monitor System, Dialup software, Middleware etc.
Trends in Telecommunications

More electronic commerce, enterprise
collaboration, online business operations
and strategic advantage in markets
More vendors, carriers, alliances,
and network services, accelerated by
deregulation & Internet growth
Extensive Internet, interconnected local &
global digital networks,
improved transmission channels
Industry Trends
Technology Trends
Application Trends
Telecommunication network
components and alternatives
Telecommunication media/Channel
Telecommunication processors
Hub
Switch
Router
Gateways
Telecommunication software
Network Operating System
Telecommunications Monitor
Middleware
Network Management Software
Telecommunication network topologies