3G Planning Essentials- 1

st

Module


Outline
Point 1-Introduction
Point 2-A Recap of 2G Planning
Point 2-Spread Spectrum & WCDMA
Fundamentals
Point 2- Radio Network Dimensioning for
3G
References
Q & A
Introduction
Introduction
The evolution of wireless network technology
from 2G systems to 3G has been based on
adopting CDMA technologies worldwide.
In North and South America, India, China and
Japan, the shift from 2G to 3G involves some
minor modifications since most of their networks
are based on CDMA
In Europe, Africa and the Middle East, the case
is different since existing systems are based on
GSM and accordingly, very different planning
concepts must be introduced and absorbed
A Recap of 2G Planning
A Recap of 2G Planning
A Complete 2G Network Plan requires:
Defining network requirements in terms of
capacity, quality etc.
Link Budget Calculations and Network
Dimensioning for the Coverage and Capacity
Plan
Coverage Plots and Nominal Planning
C/I measurements and frequency plan
Parameter Planning

Defining Network Requirements
Basic criteria must be established:
Geographic area to be covered
Capacity required based on mErl/kbits per
user, number of users, and distribution of
users by clutter type
Quality required primarily in terms of location
probability by clutter type, but can also include
performance criteria.
Link Budget and Network Dimensioning
A link budget gives us the acceptable
transmission powers which can then be plugged
into an appropriate path loss equation (like
Okumara-Hata-COST and from that the cell
radius can be determined
Cell radius tells us the number of sites and the
number of sites can tell us the network capacity
in terms of a standard site configuration (ex.
4/4/4)
From this total network capacity can be
calculated and checked to see if it meets
capacity requirements (i.e. to check if we are
capacity limited)

Coverage Plots and Nominal Planning
Coverage plots are produced in a planning
tool taking into account topography,
morphology and clutter types
The site locations are adjusted to fulfill any
capacity requirements, or remedy any
coverage holes
A nominal plan is submitted and the site
survey and selection process begins

C/I Analysis and Frequency Plan
C/I requirements are set
C/I levels are determined from the
coverage plots in the tools
A frequency plan is produced with a re-use
scheme that ensures acceptable C/I levels

Parameter Planning
Parameters for handover control, power
control, channel allocation, and more
specific system requirements are set and
determined based on quality criteria
Spread Spectrum and
WCDMA Fundamentals
Spread Spectrum and WCDMA Fundamentals
Spread Spectrum simply means the spreading
out the information bearing signal
Common techniques include direct sequence,
frequency hopping or time hopping
Spread spectrum techniques offer resilience to
narrow-band interference as well as mutilpath
degradation effects
Direct sequence spread spectrum with CDMA
also offers resilience to wide-band interference
due to the concept of orthogonality
WCDMA
WCDMA stands for Wideband Code Division
Multiple access
It employs 1 frequency utilizing direct sequence
spread spectrum techniques
Since only 1 frequency is used, the system is
interference based
This results in an inversely proportional
relationship between coverage and capacity and
thus both must be planned together
Comparing WCDMA and GSM
WCDMA Technique
Chips & Bits and Symbols
The signal is modulated twice
The first time produces the data modulated or baseband signal
The second time involves spreading using a wideband spreading signal based on a
combination of orthogonal channelisation codes and scrambling codes
A user simply XORs the received signal with his channelisation and scrambling
codes and the orthogonality results in the extraction of only his signal

Spreading and Processing Gain
The spreading of a signal across a wide band and the despreading
back to the narrow band signal gives rise to a concept called
processing gain (Gp)
The fact that the signal can be extracted from what seems to be
interference exhibits a certain gain over the interference called Gp

Examples of Processing Gain
Transmission Power
In GSM every user can be dedicated the full BTS power for the
duration of their respective timeslot
In WCDMA all users are using the same connection to the same
BTS at the same time. Hence the total BTS output power is limited
and must be divided amongst the various users
DL&UL Channelisation Codes
These codes are Pseudo Noise codes known
as Walsh-Hadamard codes and they exhibit
orthogonality
Different branches can be combined for higher
data rates
Channelisation Code Tree
Scrambling Codes
Spread signals are further scrambled by
predefined codes which are meant to
appear as statistically random
On the DL there are 512 primary codes
broken down into 64 groups of 8 and they
identify specific cells
On the UL there are approx 16.8 million
and they are assigned to users to
differentiate them from each other
Multipath Propagation
Signals that experience multipath propagation arrive at different times since they
have taken different routes
Since the signal is chipped in a direct sequence these delays can be represented in
terms of chips where 1 chip is approx 80m
A Rake receiver can pick up a number of delayed signals and combine them into 1
signal of useful value
Rake Receiver
4 Fingers are spaced 1 chip apart and can
correlate a signal

Comparison between
Channelisation and SC Codes
Micro and Macro Diversity
Micro Diversity occurs
in the fingers of the
rake receiver


Macro Diversity
occurs as of the result
of soft handovers in
the UL and DL
Radio Resource Management
The radio resource management functions have
these primary aims:
Maintain acceptable interference levels in the cell
Ensure that there is enough power for all connections
Ensure that there are properly allocated resources to
each connection
Initiate the necessary procedures to improve cell
quality and to remedy violations of parameters (which
can be detrimental to all connections)
Admission Control
Admission control (AC) has one main function:
To not sacrifice coverage and/or quality for existing users by
admitting a new user
It determines if a Real Time (RT) (i.e. CS or streaming
connection) user can be admitted
In coordination with the Packet Scheduler (PS) it
determines whether a Non-Real Time (NRT) (packet
based data connection) user can be admitted
Provides measurements of interference and power levels
to Load Control (LC)
It also determines other cell related parameters such as
BLER, Eb/No values, SIR values etc etc
Admission Control
Load Control
Load control has two primary functions
Preventative load control (congestion)
Overload load control (releasing connections)
Bases most decisions on UL interference
levels and DL power levels
Performed for DL and UL separately
Conditions set by Radio Network Planning
(RNP) parameters
Continually provides data to AC and PS



Load Control
Packet Scheduler
Using Best Effort approach PS offers
packet data whenever there is room in
terms of power, interference or resources
Works closely with AC and LC
Handles queuing of data requests
Increases and decreases bit rates based
on RNP parameters
Packet Scheduler
Resource Manager
The Resource Manager (RM) is responsible for
allocating logical radio resources
Upon request from the AC and the PS it
allocates the necessary channelisation codes for
the DL and the UL scrambling code
Also oversees the channelisation code tree
management in terms of code selection and
code tree reorganization as users enter and
leave (to maintain orthogonality)
Power Control
There are three basic types of power control
(PC):
Open loop PC (initial access)
Closed loop PC (fast power control at 1500Hz to
achieve desired SIR)
Outer loop PC (determines target SIR values based
on BLER)
The steps are in 1dB
The UE can range from 21dBm to -50dBm (a
factor of 10 million and in GSM you go down to
1dBm)




Fast Power Control
Handover Control (1)
There are 3 types of Handover (HO)
1) Hard HO- intercell HO, interfrequency HO,
intersystem HO (i.e. btwn WCDMA and GSM)
2) Soft HO- MS is connected to up to 3 BSs
3) Softer HO- MS is connected to cells in
same BS
Soft HO improves coverage probability
which reduces powers used by UE and
Node B, but has effect on capacity

Handover Control (2)
Note: The system is interference based
where coverage and capacity are inversely
proportional
This means that the gain of interference
reduction from SHO must be iteratively
matched to the reduction in capacity from
multiple connections (usually a %20
overlap is what we plan for )

Handover Control (3)
Cell Breathing
Radio Network Dimensioning
for 3G
New Issues Affecting WCDMA
Planning
Radio Network Dimensioning
Dimensioning Process
Dimensioning Process
Input Parameters
Capacity Related Input
Traffic forecasts for Busy Hour traffic per
subscriber for different service bit rates
Voice
Erlangs per subscriber
RT Data
Erlangs per subscriber
Service bit rates
NRT Data
Kbits/s per subscriber
Target bit rates
Asymmetry between UL and DL traffic must be
taken into consideration
Coverage Related Input
Area type information must be accurate:
Geographic area to be covered
Different morphology classes to addressed (DU, U, SU, R)
Building penetration losses and the fading margin
Propagation models for path loss calculations and correction factors for
the propagation model
What services are to be offered and where?
Quality Related Input
Blocking Probability 1-2%
Location Probability
The probability that the signal at the cell edge
is better than the min signal threshold (50% is
minimum but usually we aim for 90-95%)
From this we determine a slow fading margin
which is used in coverage calculations