1 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Networking Fundamentals
Date : August 21,2010
Venue : TSG LA ,Allied Digital Ser!i"es Ltd ,New Del#i
$resented %& : 'anmo#an Dwi!edi
De(t : TSG )Te"#ni"al Su((ort Grou(*

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+%,e"ti!es
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Data Networks
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Network -istor&
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Network -istor& "ontinued
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Networking De!i"es
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Network To(olog&
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Network $roto"ols
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Lo"al.area Networks )LANs*
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/ide.area Networks )/ANs*
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'etro(olitan.Area Network )'ANs*
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Storage.Area Networks )SANS*
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Virtual $ri!ate Networks )V$Ns*
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ene0its o0 V$Ns
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1ntranet and 23tranet V$N
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1m(ortan"e o0 andwidt#
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andwidt# $i(e Analog&
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andwidt# -ig#wa& Analog&
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andwidt# 'easurements
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andwidt# Limitations
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andwidt# T#roug#(ut
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Digital Trans0er 4al"ulation
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Digital !ersus Analog
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5sing La&ers to Anal&6e $ro%lems
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5sing La&ers to Des"ri%e Data 4ommuni"ation
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+S1 'odel
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+S1 La&ers
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+S1 La&ers
"#rovides connectivity $nd %$th selection &et'een t'o host
"#rovides (ogic$l $ddress
")o error correction, &est e**ort delivery.
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+S1 La&ers
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+S1 La&ers
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+S1 La&ers
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+S1 La&ers
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+S1 La&ers
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$eer.to.$eer 4ommuni"ation
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T4$71$ 'odel
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2n"a(sulation
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Names 0or Data at 2a"# La&er
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Summar&
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Virtual LANs
40 40 40 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN introdu"tion
"
VLANs logi"all& segment swit"#ed networks %ased
on t#e 0un"tions, (ro,e"t teams, or a((li"ations o0
t#e organi6ation regardless o0 t#e (#&si"al lo"ation
or "onne"tions to t#e network8
"
All workstations and ser!ers used %& a (arti"ular
workgrou( s#are t#e same VLAN, regardless o0 t#e
(#&si"al "onne"tion or lo"ation8
41 41 41 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN introdu"tion
"
A workstation in a VLAN grou( is restri"ted to
"ommuni"ating wit# 0ile ser!ers in t#e same VLAN
grou(8
42 42 42 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN introdu"tion
"
VLANs 0un"tion %& logi"all& segmenting t#e
network into di00erent %road"ast domains so t#at
(a"kets are onl& swit"#ed %etween (orts t#at are
designated 0or t#e same VLAN8
9outers in VLAN
to(ologies (ro!ide
%road"ast 0iltering,
se"urit&, and tra00i"
0low management8
43 43 43 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN introdu"tion
"
VLANs address s"ala%ilit&, se"urit&, and network
management8
"
Swit"#es ma& not %ridge an& tra00i" %etween VLANs,
as t#is would !iolate t#e integrit& o0 t#e VLAN
%road"ast domain8
"
Tra00i" s#ould onl& %e routed %etween VLANs8
44 44 44 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
road"ast domains wit# VLANs and routers
"
A VLAN is a %road"ast domain "reated %& one or
more swit"#es8
45 45 45 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
road"ast domains wit# VLANs and routers
"
La&er : routing allows t#e router to send (a"kets
to t#e t#ree di00erent %road"ast domains8
46 46 46 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
road"ast domains wit# VLANs and routers
" 1m(lementing VLANs on a swit"# "auses t#e 0ollowing to
o""ur:
+T#e swit"# maintains a se(arate %ridging ta%le 0or ea"#
VLAN8
+10 t#e 0rame "omes in on a (ort in VLAN 1, t#e swit"#
sear"#es t#e %ridging ta%le 0or VLAN 18
+/#en t#e 0rame is re"ei!ed, t#e swit"# adds t#e sour"e
address to t#e %ridging ta%le i0 it is "urrentl& unknown8
+T#e destination is "#e"ked so a 0orwarding de"ision "an
%e made8
+For learning and 0orwarding t#e sear"# is made against
t#e address ta%le 0or t#at VLAN onl&8
47 47 47 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN o(eration
" 2a"# swit"# (ort "ould %e assigned to a di00erent VLAN8
" $orts assigned to t#e same VLAN s#are %road"asts8
" $orts t#at do not %elong to t#at VLAN do not s#are t#ese
%road"asts8
4 4 4 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN o(eration
"
5sers atta"#ed to t#e same s#ared segment, s#are t#e
%andwidt# o0 t#at segment8
"
2a"# additional user atta"#ed to t#e s#ared medium
means less %andwidt# and deterioration o0 network
(er0orman"e8
"
VLANs o00er more %andwidt# to users t#an a s#ared
network8
"
T#e de0ault VLAN 0or e!er& (ort in t#e swit"# is t#e
management VLAN8
"
T#e management VLAN is alwa&s VLAN 1 and ma& not
%e deleted8 All ot#er (orts on t#e swit"# ma& %e
reassigned to alternate VLANs8
4! 4! 4! 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN o(eration
"
D&nami" VLANs allow 0or mem%ers#i( %ased on t#e
'A4 address o0 t#e de!i"e "onne"ted to t#e swit"#
(ort8
"
As a de!i"e enters t#e network, it ;ueries a data%ase
wit#in t#e swit"# 0or a VLAN mem%ers#i(8
50 50 50 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN o(eration
"
1n (ort.%ased or (ort."entri" VLAN mem%ers#i(, t#e
(ort is assigned to a s(e"i0i" VLAN mem%ers#i(
inde(endent o0 t#e user or s&stem atta"#ed to t#e (ort8
All users o0 t#e same
(ort must %e in t#e
same VLAN8
51 51 51 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN o(eration
"
Network administrators are res(onsi%le 0or
"on0iguring VLANs %ot# manuall& and stati"all&8
52 52 52 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
ene0its o0 VLANs
"
T#e ke& %ene0it o0 VLANs is t#at t#e& (ermit t#e
network administrator to organi6e t#e LAN logi"all&
instead o0 (#&si"all&8
53 53 53 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN t&(es
" T#ere are t#ree %asi" VLAN mem%ers#i(s 0or determining
and "ontrolling #ow a (a"ket gets assigned: .
+$ort.%ased VLANs
+'A4 address %ased
+VLANs $roto"ol %ased VLANs
" T#e 0rame #eaders are en"a(sulated or modi0ied to re0le"t a
VLAN 1D %e0ore t#e 0rame is sent o!er t#e link %etween
swit"#es8
" e0ore 0orwarding to t#e destination de!i"e, t#e 0rame
#eader is "#anged %a"k to t#e original 0ormat8
54 54 54 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN t&(es
" 'A4 address %ased VLANs
" $roto"ol %ased VLANs
"
$ort.%ased VLANs
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'em%ers#i( %& $ort
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'em%ers#i( %& 'A4.Addresses
57 57 57 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN t&(es
"
T#e num%er o0 VLANs in a swit"# !ar&
de(ending on se!eral 0a"tors:
+
Tra00i" (atterns
+
T&(es o0 a((li"ations
+
Network management needs
+
Grou( "ommonalit&
5 5 5 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN t&(es
"
An im(ortant "onsideration in de0ining t#e si6e o0
t#e swit"# and t#e num%er o0 VLANs is t#e 1$
addressing s"#eme8
"
e"ause a one.to.one "orres(onden"e %etween
VLANs and 1$ su%nets is strongl& re"ommended,
t#ere "an %e no more t#an 2<= de!i"es in an& one
VLAN8
"
1t is 0urt#er re"ommended t#at VLANs s#ould not
e3tend outside o0 t#e La&er 2 domain o0 t#e
distri%ution swit"#8
5! 5! 5! 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
VLAN t&(es
" T#ere are two ma,or met#ods o0 0rame tagging, 1nter.Swit"# Link
)1SL* and >0281?8
" 1SL used to %e t#e most "ommon, %ut is now %eing re(la"ed %&
>0281? 0rame tagging8
60 60 60 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

9outing asi"s
/#at is 9outing @
" T#e term Arouting is used 0or taking a (a"ket 0rom one de!i"e and sending it
t#roug# t#e network to anot#er de!i"e on a di00erent network8
" 9outers donBt reall& "are a%out #ostsCt#e& onl& "are a%out networks and t#e
%est (at# to ea"# network8
9outers route tra00i" to all t#e networks in &our internetwork8 To %e a%le to
route (a"kets, a router must know, at a minimum, t#e 0ollowing:

Destination address

Neig#%or routers 0rom w#i"# it "an learn a%out remote networks

$ossi%le routes to all remote networks

T#e %est route to ea"# remote network

-ow to maintain and !eri0& routing in0ormation

61 61 61 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
9outing 23am(le
",o-ting is t$.ing %l$ce *rom /ost0A to /ost01 thro-gh the ($&0A ,o-ter.
"2o &e $&le to ro-te, the ro-ter m-st .no' ho' to get into the net'or. 172.16.20.0.
62 62 62 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

9+5T1NG TD$2S
" 18 Stati" 9outing
" 28 De0ault 9outing
" :8 D&nami" 9outing
18 Stati" 9outing8
Stati" routing o""urs w#en &ou manuall& add routes in ea"# routerBs
routing ta%le8
& de0ault, Stati" routes #a!e an Administrati!e Distan"e )AD* o0 1
Features
" T#ere is no o!er#ead on t#e router 4$5
" T#ere is no %andwidt# usage %etween routers
" 1t adds se"urit&, %e"ause t#e administrator "an "#oose to allow routing
a""ess to "ertain networks onl&8
63 63 63 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
4on0iguration Stati" 9outing
9outer)"on0ig*Ei( route Destination_network Mask Next-Hop_Address )or*
9outer)"on0ig*Ei( route Destination_network Mask Exit interface
i( route : T#e "ommand used to "reate t#e stati" route8
destinationFnetwork : T#e network &ouBre (la"ing in t#e routing ta%le8
mask : T#e su%net mask %eing used on t#e network8
ne3t.#o(Faddress : T#e address o0 t#e ne3t.#o( router
23itinter0a"e : Dou "an use it in (la"e o0 t#e ne3t.#o( address
administrati!eFdistan"e : & de0ault, stati" routes #a!e an administrati!e distan"e
o0 1
64 64 64 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

De0ault 9outing8
De0ault routing is used to send (a"kets wit# a remote destination
network not
in t#e routing ta%le to t#e ne3t.#o( router8
/e "an onl& use de0ault routing on stu( networks8 T#ose wit# onl&
one e3it
$at# out o0 t#e network8
4on0iguration De0ault 9outing
" 9outer)"on0ig*Ei( route 0808080 0808080 Next-Hop_Address
" 9outer)"on0ig*Ei( route 0808080 0808080 Exit interface
" 9outer)"on0ig*Ei( de0ault.network @
65 65 65 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
D&nami" 9outing8
D&nami" routing is w#en (roto"ols are used to 0ind networks and
u(date routing ta%le on routers8
A routing (roto"ol de0ines t#e set o0 rules used %& router w#en it "ommuni"ates
routing in0ormation %etween neig#%or routers
T#ere are two t&(e o0 routing (roto"ols used in internetworks:
" 1nterior Gatewa& $roto"ols )1G$s*
1G$s are used to e3"#ange routing in0ormation wit# routers in t#e same
Autonomous S&stem)AS* num%er8
" 23terior Gatewa& $roto"ols )2G$s*
2G$s are used to "ommuni"ate %etween di00erent Autonomous S&stem8
Autonomous S&stem8
An autonomous s&stem is a "olle"tion o0 networks under a "ommon
administrati!e domain, w#i"# %asi"all& means t#at all routers s#aring t#e same
routing ta%le in0ormation are in t#e same AS
66 66 66 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
9outing $roto"ol asi"s8
" Administrati!e Distan"es
" 9outing (roto"ol
" 9outing Loo(s
Administrati!e Distan"es8
T#e Administrati!e Distan"e )AD* is used to rate t#e trustwort#iness o0 routing in0ormation
re"ei!ed on a router 0rom a neig#%or router8 An Administrati!e Distan"e is an integer 0rom
0 to 2<<, w#ere 0 is t#e most trusted and 2<< means no tra00i" will %e (assed !ia t#is
route8
10 a router re"ei!es two u(dates listing #e sane remote network, t#e 0irst t#ing t#e router
"#e"ks is t#e AD8 10 one o0 t#e ad!ertised routes #as lower AD t#an t#e ot#er, t#en t#e
route wit# t#e lowest AD will %e (la"ed in t#e routing ta%le8
10 %ot# ad!ertised routes to t#e same network #a!e t#e same AD, t#en routing (roto"ol
metri"s )su"# as #o( "ount or %andwidt# o0 t#e lines* will %e used to 0ind t#e %est (at# to
t#e remote network8 T#e ad!ertised route wit# t#e lowest metri" will %e (la"ed in t#e
routing ta%le8
ut i0 %ot# ad!ertised routes #a!e t#e same AD as well as t#e same metri"s, t#en t#e
routing (roto"ol will load.%alan"e in t#e remote network
67 67 67 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
De0ault Administrati!e Distan"es
9oute Sour"e De0ault AD
Connected inter*$ce 0
St$tic ,o-te 1
3I4,# !0
I4,# 100
5S#6 110
,I# 120
37tern$l 3I4,# 170
8n.no'n 255 2his ro-te 'ill never &e -sed
6 6 6 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
9outing $roto"ols8
T#ere are t#ree "lasses o0 9outing $roto"ol
" Distan"e !e"tor (roto"ol
" Link state (roto"ol
" -&%rid (roto"ol

" Distan"e !e"tor (roto"ol8
T#e Distan"e.!e"tor (roto"ols 0ind t#e %est (at# to remote network
%& ,udging distan"e8 2a"# time a (a"ket goes t#roug# a router, t#atBs
"alled a #o(8 T#e route wit# t#e least num%er o0 #o(s to t#e network
is determined to %e t#e %est route8 T#e !e"tor indi"ates t#e dire"tion
to t#e remote network8 T#e& send t#e entire routing ta%le to dire"tl&
"onne"ted neig#%ors8
23: 91$, 1G9$8
6! 6! 6! 2003, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Link state (roto"ol8
Also "alled s#ortest.(at#.0irst (roto"ols, t#e routers ea"# "reate t#ree se(arate ta%les8 +ne
kee(s tra"k o0 dire"tl& atta"#ed neig#%ors, one determines t#e to(olog& o0 t#e entire
internet work, and one is used as t#e routing ta%les8 Link state routers know more a%out
t#e internet work t#an an& distan"e.!e"tor routing (roto"ol8 Link state (roto"ols send
u(dates "ontaining t#e state o0 t#eir own links to all ot#er routers on t#e network
" 23: +S$F
" -&%rid (roto"ol
" -&%rid (roto"ol use as(e"ts o0 %ot# distan"e.!e"tor and link state (roto"ol8
" 23: 21G9$
"