1

Gases (Vapors)
Gases expand to fill any container.
Therefore, gases are highly
compressible.
2
Kinetic Molecular Theory (of an Ideal Gas):
1. Gases are composed of molecules or atoms whose size is negligible
compared to the average distance between them. (Most of the space in
the gas container is empty.)
2. Gas molecules move randomly in straight lines in all directions at various
speeds.
3. The forces of attraction or repulsion between gas molecules are very weak
or negligible (except during collisions)
4. Collisions between gas molecules are considered elastic.
5. The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute
temperature.
3
Pressure and Volume: Boyles Law
How is the pressure applied to a gas related to its volume?
Piston
Gas molecules
Lets apply pressure
4
Pressure and Volume: Boyles Law
How is the pressure applied to a gas related to its volume?
Piston
Gas molecules
Piston
Gas molecules
Boyles Law: P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2

Volume is inversely proportional to applied pressure.
5
The Harder we Push
the smaller the gas
volume gets!
Boyles Law: P
1
V
1
= P
2
V
2

6
molecules of air
1
2
3
Where is the pressure the greatest?
We live in sea of air
7
Pressure: force per unit area of surface
Units
lbs per in
2
(psi)
mm of Hg (torr)
atmospheres (atm)
1 atm = 760 mm of Hg =760 torr = 14.70 psi = 101.325 kPa
Pascal (Pa)
Pairs of these can be used as conversion factors.
8
9
10
Temperature and Volume: Charless Law
How is the volume of a gas related to its temperature?
gas molecules
moveable mass
(constant pressure)
What happens if heat is applied to the gas?
11
Temperature and Volume: Charless Law
How is the volume of a gas related to its temperature?
gas molecules
moveable mass
(constant pressure)
Why did the volume change?
What happens to the average speed of the gas
molecules?
.
12
Temperature and Volume: Charless Law
How is the volume of a gas related to its temperature?
gas molecules
moveable mass
(constant pressure)
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its Temperature
(temperature must be in Kelvin)
Charless Law: V
1
/T
1
= V
2
/T
2

Pressure and Temperature: Gay-Lussacs Law
The pressure of a gas is directly proportional to its Temperature
(temperature must be in Kelvin)
Gay-Lussacs Law: P
1
/T
1
= P
2
/T
2

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Combined Gas Law:

T
V P
T
V P
2
2 2
1
1 1
T must be in Kelvin
Can be rearranged to:
P
1
V
1
T
2
= P
2
V
2
T
1

A combined gas law problem can be recognized by
having two sets of conditions.
Note: if one set of parameters is unchanged that term
will cancel on each side.
15
A balloon contains helium gas with a volume of 2.60 L
at 25
o
C and 768 mmHg. If the balloon ascends to an
altitude where the helium pressure is 590 mmHg and
the temperature is 15
o
C, what is the volume of the
balloon?
What type of
problem
is this?
There are 2 sets of
conditions.
16
A balloon contains helium gas with a volume of 2.60 L
at 25
o
C and 768 mmHg. If the balloon ascends to an
altitude where the helium pressure is 590 mmHg and
the temperature is 15
o
C, what is the volume of the
balloon?
P
1
V
1
T
2
= P
2
V
2
T
1


P
1
=
V
1
=
T
1
=

P
2
=
V
2
=
T
2
=


768 torr
2.60 L
25 + 273 = 298 K
590 torr
15 + 273 = 288 K
?
1 2
2 1 1
2
T P
T V P
V
= (768 torr)(2.60 L)(288 K)
(590 torr)(298 K)
= 3.27 L
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Ideal Gases and the Ideal Gas Law:
PV = nR
u
T
Temperature in K
*
universal gas constant
number of moles of gas
volume in units to match
*
R units
pressure in units to match
*
R units
Note: there is only one set of conditions.
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Ideal Gases and the Ideal Gas Law:
PV = mRT
Temperature in K
*
ideal gas constant
moles of gas
volume in units to match
*
R units
pressure in units to match
*
R units
Note: there is only one set of conditions.
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Avogadros Law:
Equal volumes of any two gases (ideal) at the same
temperature and pressure contain the same number of
molecules (they also occupy equal volumes).
STP
Pressure 1 atm (760 mm Hg)
Temperature 0
o
C (273 K)
Standard
At STP one mole of ideal gas occupies 22.4 L or 22.4 m
3
/kg-mol

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A 12.25 L cylinder contains 75.5 g of neon at 24.5
o
C.
Determine the pressure in the cylinder.
What type of
problem
is this?
Only one
set of
conditions
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A 12.25 L cylinder contains 75.5 g of neon at 24.5
o
C.
Determine the pressure in the cylinder.
PV = nRT
P =
V =

n =

R =

T =
?
12.25 L
75.5 g = mol
20.18 g
mol
3.74
62.4 Ltorr
molK
24.5 + 273 = 297.5 K
P = nRT
V
= (3.74 mol)(62.4Ltorr)(297.5K)
(12.25 L) molK
= 5667.7 torr
= 5670 torr
How many atmospheres is this?
atm 7.46
torr 760
atm 1 torr 5667.7

22
What is the density of carbon dioxide gas at 25
o
C and
725 mmHg pressure?
Density = g/L = g L
so if we can find g and L, division will work!
P =
V =

n =

R =

T =
725mmHg
62.4 L torr
molK
25 + 273 = 298 K
What do we
do now?
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What is the density of carbon dioxide gas at 25
o
C and
725 mmHg pressure?
Density = g/L = g L
so if we can find g and L division will work!
P =
V =

n =

R =

T =
725mmHg
62.4 Ltorr
molK
25 + 273 = 298 K
Two variables! Lets pick an amount
for one and calculate the other!
Lets choose 1 mol of CO
2
and
find the number of Liters.
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What is the density of carbon dioxide gas at 25
o
C and
725 mmHg pressure?
Density = g/L = g L
so if we can find g and L division will work!
P =
V =

n =

R =

T =
725mmHg
62.4 Ltorr
molK
25 + 273 = 298 K
1.0 mol (44.0 g)
V = nRT
P
= (1 mol) (62.4 Ltorr) (298 K)
( molK ) (725 torr)
= 25.6 L
NOW:
1.72
___________ = g
L
44.0 g
25.6 L
25
A 2.50 gram sample of a solid was vaporized in a 505 mL
vessel. If the vapor pressure of the solid was 755 mmHg at
155
o
C, what is the molecular weight of the solid?
molecular weight ~ molar mass = g/mol = g mol
..so if we can find grams and moles and divide....
P =
V =

n =

R =

T =
755 torr
0.505 L
...we already have grams!! Were halfway there!
62.4 Ltorr
molK
155 + 273 = 428 K
n = PV
RT
= 755 torr | 0.505 L | molK_____|______
| 62.4 Ltorr | 428 K
= 0.01428 mol
NOW: 2.50 g = g
0.01428 mol mol
175.1
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So Density is g/L (g L)
and
molar mass
is g/mol (g mol).
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