PENGENALAN TEORI DAN SEJARAH

SENIBINA

Code : SBEA 1513
Contact hours : 3 hours
Lecturer : Dr Alice Sabrina Ismail
E-mail : manice1976@yahoo.com.my/
b-alice@utm.my

WEEK 2
Lecture 2 : THEORY OF SPACE MAKING : Understanding
architecture as an asset for mankind
Brief lecture on the importance of space in architecture
i) Theory of space
Identification of space design and spatial making in built form

ii) Principles of space
Elements of space , as sign and symbol of culture in built form

_____________________________________ # CONTENTS
What is space?
i- as a three dimensional field in which objects and
events occur and have relative position and direction.
(Ching 1996)
ii- space is defined, bounded and articulated by the
form (Certeau 1998)
iii- space is more than just perception but it is
configured by societys social and cultural activities,
where the spatial pattern and organization are
determine by the human behavior (Leucking 2002)
iv-space is considered as a property of intellect,
involving human aesthetic judgment and perceptions
(Arnheim 1977)
Generally, most scholars in the field of architecture agree that
architectural space is defined by form, thus it may also act as an
enclosure or provide an extension to the space.

Apart from that, architectural space is also a perceptual and experience
space that is significantly linked to human activities.


Therefore, the inhabitant behavior assigns the characteristic, dimensions
and spatial patterns of the space and provides meaning.
Historical development of Theory of space by architectural scholars

i) In the early 19th century spatial enclosure is the most fundamental
property in architecture as it gives character to the inner building.
Spatial enclosure is formed in buildings when it is bounded by walls
according to its length, breadth and height. Here, the visual
perception of the enclosed space depends to a large degree on the
height to width ratio of the enclosed volume. (Semper 1989)
ii) Berlage (1905) and Behrens (1910) emphasise that enclosed space
should also be ornate or constructive in sense.
iii) In 1920s another new tradition of architectural space emerged in
Europe. During this period, various architects invented new
inflections to the meaning of space in architecture. Here the term
space is viewed from a broader context where it not only constrains
the interior space but also the exterior. The concept of continuous
space from inside and outside in this decade was widely adopted by
the De Stijl and Bahaus architects in most of their design work
(MoholyNagy 1929).

Historical development of Theory of space by architectural scholars

i) Frankl (1968) also described space as an additive structure where
the spatiality of the building is built up by a series of inner and
external continuous compartments. He clearly describes the physical
sense of space as an enclosed and extended entity by analysing the
spatial layout of the renaissance and post-renaissance building.
Since then, the idea of enclosed and extended space has been
formally associated with architecture and this tradition had been
widely applied and commonly understood by present day architects
to describe the sense of space in the early 20
th
century.
ii) In Webers work (1995), he focused on the aspect of perceptual
space to understand the notion of spatial organisation. This involves
the users experience in perceiving the space through a cognitive
process. In this sense, the value of space depends on how the
space is utilised and determined by the inhabitants perception
towards the space dynamic properties such as its location,
direction, orientation, dimension, angles, axes and other elements
that may generate the space. In brief, the most important aspect that
is identified in Webers work is that the meaning of space is
assigned by the inhabitants depending on how one uses and
experiences the dynamic characteristics of the space.
Historical development of Theory of space by architectural scholars

i) In Hillier and Hansons work (2006), they showed how social
relations expressed themselves through spatial patterns of built form.
Their work, however, involves the understanding of the physical
components of space and the configurational property of the spatial
layout. This is achieved by analysing the arrangement of convex
space (vertices), space entrances (linking lines or edges) and depth.

ii) Dovey (1999) shared a point of view similar to that of Weber. He
states that spatial organisation which frames our everyday life is
actually the reflection of human forces and defined by societal
norms.
Historical development of Theory of space by architectural scholars

i) Lefebvre (1991), focused on the study of production of space and
viewed space as the production of social totalities. According to
Lefebvre, space is a social product which contains the social
relations of reproduction relating to specific society organisation, and
defines spatial organisation in the form of hierarchical social
functions. This social space is produced by three types of practice.
a) The first is spatial practice which embraces production and
reproduction of society.
b)The second is the representation of space that is tied to the
relations of production and to the order in society.
c)The third is representational spaces which embody complex
of symbolism, in which the space is directly lived through
associated images and symbols.
i) In this sense, Lefebvres theory on space defines that the production
of space also involves the abstraction of societys ideology, power
practice and cultural spheres.


It can be summarised that there are two important fundamental
concepts that define the term space integral to this study.


First, spatial structure is defined by the intentions of the powerful
and the ongoing contest over space and its uses. As a result,
dialectics and expression of power are mediated through the
spatial programming.


Second, the form of public and private spaces is ascertained by the
action of social totalities. In other words, it is the social actors as
creators and owners of the built space who have the authority to
assign meanings and determine what a building or space should
`look like' and how it will fit in and its effect on the existing urban
structure.
VIDEO SHOW 1 = ARCHITECTURE SPACE INFLUENCE BY
SOCIETY CULTURE AND RELIGIOUS BELEIF
Space and principles
i. Configuration of plane elements in
space
ii. Openings in space iii. Organization of space iv. Circulation through space
Space is determined by
configuration of horizontal
and vertical planes-
The horizontal planes can
be arranged by placing it as:
-Base plane
-Elevated base plane
-Depressed base
plane
-Overhead plane
The vertical planes can be
arranged by placing it as:
- Vertical linear
- Single vertical
- Parallel vertical
- Enclosed vertical
Opening in space may also
define the spatial quality of a
space.
There are three types of
opening arrangement
describing how they are placed
on the planes. This are
achieved by placing the
openings:
-within planes;
-at corner
-between planes

There are four types of
space configuration to
define the solitary
spatial field or volume.
This space
configurations are:
- Space within space
- Interlocking space
- Adjacent space
- Spaces linked by
common space
There are five ways which
define how user moves
throughout the building
space. This is achieved by:
- Way of approaching the building
- Entrance to the building
- Configuration of path
- Relationship between path and
space
- Circulation of space in an:
Enclosed space
Open on one side
Open on both sides
Table 2.1 Architectural space and principles
THE KEY PRINCIPLES OF ARCHITECTURAL SPACE

VIDEO SHOW 2 = ARCHITECTURAL SPACE INFLUENCE BY
SOCIETY POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND STATUS