*A technical report is a document that

describes the process, progress, or

results of technical or scientific
research or the state of a technical or
scientific research problem.

*Technical reports are today a major
source of scientific
and technical information.
*The systematic and objective
communication of factual information to
achieve a specific purpose or purposes
(Romero, LLanes and Ricafranca, 1985)

*Typical examples of technical report are
research papers, theses, feasibility
studies, proposals and professional
journals which all follow a formal format.

To communicate facts and to
achieve desired response from top
decision makers (be it a sound decision
on a pay hike for employees and an
allotment of budget for next years
sports fest, or giving utility personnel
entitlement to a birthday leave with
pay).
As a technical report
writer, you need to have a
good start - - be organized,
mentally alert, objective
and motivated.
1. Format - logical presentation sequence,
attractive appearance, appropriate visuals.

2. Contents substance of the report and the
right choice of words.

3. Impact desired general effect to reader and
achievement of report objective.
*Is your language simple, accurate and clear?

*Are the facts and data you presented relevant to the
subject?

*Is the flow or sequence of your report logically
presented? Is it well-planned? Are the important
points supported by evidences and clear illustrations?
*Does your report meet the
information requirement of the
reader or adaptable to his level of
understanding?

*Does your report sound
persuasive and leading the reader
to action ?

Use impersonal tone. This
means, you need to use the third
person, there is no reference to
I, you, us, or ours.
*Research Papers
*Theses
*Feasibility Studies
*Conduct a research if you wish to answer a
specific problem

*Analyze a perspective or argue a point.

*Present your own thinking BACKED UP by others'
ideas and information.

*Expanded essay that presents your own
interpretation or evaluation or argument
1. Pick a topic

2. Do your research

3. Draft your outline

4. Write a draft

5. Revise and edit to produce a final product
*Before you can even begin researching, you need to know
what to look for. You want your topic to be neither too broad
nor too narrow to cover in the length of the paper you need
to write. You will also want to make sure the topic is
something you are interested on. If your topic is too esoteric,
you may find yourself struggling to find sources online or at
your local library.
*You can pick a topic by brainstorming ideas, and then doing
some preliminary research to make sure that information
exists on the topic and that the scope of the topic is
appropriate for your paper. Brainstorming may involve just
sitting down and jotting ideas, or you may want to use a more
structured form of brainstorming in which you draw a mind
map or use clustering.
*Once you have selected a topic, it is time to do your research. The web
is a great starting point, and in many cases may be sufficient to provide
you with all the information you need to write a great paper. When
using internet sources, be careful to make sure they are authoritative.
Your professor may not be happy if you turn in a research paper and
cite your next door neighbors blog as the main resource you used to
write it. Sites that end in .edu, .gov or.org are a great place to start.
*Old fashioned books are also invaluable sources of information, and
your local librarian can help you peruse the collection or card catalog if
you dont know where to look. Most libraries have their collections
indexed online now anyway, so you may be able to still do much of your
work over the internet.
*Regardless of whether you use print or internet sources, make sure you
keep track of where the information is coming from. Keep your
research organized by topic or subtopic for your paper, but note which
source each individual piece of research comes from. Write down all
possible information you may need about your source to cite it
correctly, whether you are using APA or MLA format
*Before you begin writing, youll want to outline what you are
going to write about. Create an outline that highlights the
research paper and the topic heading of each paragraph.
Include note to yourself in the outline about which research
points you are going to use each paragraph. Make sure the
ideas flow smoothly and that your paper is supported and
explored in each paragraph.
*Using your outline, write a preliminary draft of your paper.
Few writers can sit down and write something perfect the
first time around, so this is your chance to make mistakes and
errors and still produce a great final product. Work from your
outline, and make sure you attribute anything you are putting
in your paper to the appropriate source.

*Some research papers require in-text citations, which means
that you must attribute ideas right in your paper. For
example, you might write According to YourDictionary.com,
the definition of or you could write the definition of
(Your Dictionary).

*The last step is producing your final product. Youll want to
revise and edit your draft for content, structure, clarity,
spelling and grammar. Make sure your paper is free of errors,
and dont count on spell-check to catch every detail. Make
sure all of your citations are correct and that the paper is
formatted properly.
*a proposition stated or put forward for
consideration, especially one to be
discussed and proved or to be maintained
against objections.

*a dissertation on a particular subject in
which one has done original research, as
one presented by a candidate for a diploma
or degree.
*Thesis writing is an important
part of every academic
undertaking.
*Requires research work but in a
highly technical method
*History
*Descriptive
*Experimental



*Published researches, previous experiences

*Basis in relating the problem you are interested in.

*Past data give concrete reference to strategies that have
been successfully or unsuccessfully tried.

*Help find better ways in doing things in present
*Determines and reports the way things are.

*You collect data to test hypotheses or show correlation or
answer questions relating to your present study.

*This can be in the form of case studies, surveys,
developmental studies, follow-up studies , documentary
analyses, trend analyses and correlational studies
*Directed by at least one hypothesis.

*Conduct experiment and apply certain treatment to confirm
or disconfirm the experimental process.
*Title Page
*Approval Sheet
*Abstract
*Acknowledgment
*Dedication
*Table of Contents
*List of Tables
*List of Figures

INITIAL PAGES
*TITLE PAGE
The following information needs to be on the title
page:

*The title (and possibly the subtitle) of your thesis
*Whether it is a Bachelors thesis or a Masters
thesis
*Faculty and department
*First name and surname of the author(s)
*Place and date of completion

*APPROVAL SHEET
*This is to prove that the authors
have passed the requirements
needed for the thesis.
*This is signed by the thesis/FS
adviser, panel and the Dean.

*ABSTRACT
*An abstract presents a brief summary of
your thesis.
*The aim of the abstract is to briefly provide
the reader with the most important
information from the entire text.
*An abstract never contains new
information.
*This summary is no longer than 2 pages.
*ACKNOWLEDGMENT
*This is a page focused on
expressing gratitude to
organizations, agencies or
individuals who, in one way or
another, have aided the
researchers in finishing the
thesis
*DEDICATION
*This is the page for
dedicating the thesis to
certain people or groups who
have inspired the researchers
while doing the thesis.

*TABLE OF CONTENTS
*The table of contents is
essentially a topic outline of the
thesis.

* It is compiled by listing the
headings in the thesis down to
whichever level you choose.
*LIST OF TABLES / LIST OF FIGURES
*Include a list of figures (illustrations)
and a list of tables if you have one or
more items in these categories.

*Use a separate page for each list.

*List the number, caption, and page
number of every figure and table in
the body of the thesis.
TITLE OF CHAPTERS
I. Introduction
II. Review of Related Literature and Studies
III.Methodology
IV.Results and Discussion
V. Summary, Conclusions and
Recommendations

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
*Background of the Study
*This segment consists of statements on what led
the investigator to launch the study.
*A historical background may be given.
*Situations that may have spurred the researcher to
undertake the study are included.
*The background of the study may have been
generated by some empirical observations, the
need to explore the problem and some other
relevant conditions
*SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
*The significance of the study will
mainly focus on the question Who
will benefit from the study?.

*This section will state the
contribution of your study and the
usefulness of your study in the
society.

*STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
*The problem must be reflected to your
title or the readers must know your
problem by just simply reading your
topic.

*The problem must not be answerable by
yes or no and must be arranged in the
flow of your documentation or study.

*CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
*A conceptual framework elaborates the research problem in
relation to relevant literature. This section may summarize the
major (dependent and independent) variables in your research. The
framework may be summarized in a schematic diagram that
presents the major variables and their hypothesized relationships.
It should also cover the following:
*Existing research and its relevance for your topic
*Key ideas or constructs in your approach
*Identify and discuss the variables related to the problem.
*Conceptualized relationships between variables
*Independent variables (presumed cause)
*Dependent variables (presumed effect)
*Intervening variables (other variables that influence the effect of
the independent variable)
*HYPOTHESES
* a statement that can be proved
or disproved. It is typically used
in quantitative research and
predicts the relationship
between variables.
*SCOPE OF LIMITATION
AND DELIMITATION
*The scope is mainly the
coverage of your study
and the Delimitation is
the limitation of your
study or topic.
*DEFINITION OF TERMS
*The definition of terms must
be arranged in alphabetically.
It must be also stated if you
used your definition of terms in
technically or operationally.
CHAPTER II
Review of Related
Literature and
Studies
*RELATED LITERATURE
*In this part you must get your data and information from any
books, magazines, and news papers. You must label your
published material with local or foreign.

1. Must be also organized to cover specific problems.
2. Must take all the evidences about the problem with the
authors experiences.
3. As much as possible, get the latest published materials.
Avoid old published materials.
4. It must be related to your topic. If not, do not get it.
5. On the last part of this part you must have a statement how
this old published material helps the researcher in their
current study and relate it to your study.

*RELATED STUDIES
*In this part you must get your data and information from
unpublished material such as previous or old study, research
or thesis. In some format, you must label your unpublished
material with local or foreign.

1. This should be organized to cover the specific problems.
2. You must take note all of the evidences that the previous
researcher came up.
3. The unpublished material should not be older than 5 years
if possible.
4. It must be related to your topic. If not, do not get it.
5. On the last part of this part you must have a statement how
this old unpublished material helps the researcher in their
current study and relate it to your study.
CHAPTER III
Methodology
*RESEARCH DESIGN
*The appropriate research
design should be specified
and described.
*RESEARCH LOCALE
*Describe the population
of interest and the
sampling of subjects
used in the study.
*SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

*Describe the processing
and treatment of data

*RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
*Describe the instrument and
what it will measure.

*State qualifications of
informants if used in the
study.
*DATA GATHERING
PROCEDURE
*Describe how instrument
will be administered.
*STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
*Discuss how the validity
and the reliability will be
established. Specify the
level of reliability
(probability).
CHAPTER IV
Results and Discussion
*PRESENTATION OF DATA
*Present the findings of the study in
the order of the specific problem as
stated in the statement of the
Problem.
*Present the data in these forms:
*Tabular
*Textual
*Graphical (optional)

*ANALYSIS OF DATA
*Data may be analyzed quantitatively or
qualitatively depending on the level of
measurement and the number of dimensions and
variables of the study.

*Analyze in depth to give meaning to the data
presented in the data presented in the table. Avoid
table reading.

*State statistical descriptions in declarative
sentences,
*INTERPRETATION OF DATA
*Establish interconnection between and
among data
*Check for indicators whether hypothesis/es
is/are supported or not by findings.
*Link the present findings with the previous
literature.
*Use parallel observations with contemporary
events to give credence presented in the
introduction.

CHAPTER V
Summary,
Conclusions and
Recommendations
*SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
*This describes the problem, research
design, and the findings (answer to the
questions raised). The recommended
format is the paragraph form instead of
the enumeration form.
*For each of the problems, present:
*The salient findings,
*The results of the hypothesis tested

*CONCLUSIONS
*These are brief, generalized statements in answer
to the general and each of the specific sub-
problems.
*These contain generalized in relation to the
population. These are general inferences
applicable to a wider and similar population.
*Flexibility is considered in making of conclusions. It
is not a must to state conclusions on a one-to-one
correspondence with the problems and the findings
as all variables can be subsume in one paragraph.

*RECOMMENDATIONS
*They should be based on the findings and
conclusion of the study.
*Recommendations may be specific or general
or both. They may include suggestions for
further studies.
*They should be in non-technical language.
*They should be feasible, workable, flexible,
doable, adaptable.
*Citing the ideas of others
*Include all the references used in
the thesis
*It must mention the title of work,
authors, year of publication and
other important details
*Alphabetically arranged.
*supplemental to a thesis in nature and, when
included, appear after the references/bibliography.
*Examples of material included in appendices are as
follows:
*interview questions
*participant letters / forms
*surveys / questionnaires (if not your own, these
require copyright permission to be included)

*Prepared to test the profitability or non-profitability of a
proposed product or business

*Requires research to prove the projects market, technical
and financial viability
A. Introduction
B. Brief Description of the Project
C. Marketing Aspect *
D. Technical Aspect *
E. Financial Aspect *
F. Economic Aspect
G. Executional Aspect
* Complete name of the
proponent

* Name of the business or
enterprise

* Address of the business

* Rationale or the need for
establishing the business in
the area

* Socio-economic benefits of
the project
*Name of the Proposed Business: E & J Farms

*Nature of the business: Hogs Production

*Type of business organization: Sole Proprietorship

*Location of the project: Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite
In the Philippines, pork is one of
the basic foods which Filipinos eat. It
is one of the best sources of protein
needed by the body to be strong and
healthy. That is why a need for a farm
arises.
The proposed business will be located at
Kaysuyo, Alfonso, Cavite. 72% of its residents are
engaged in agriculture, taking advantage of its
good location which best suits the proposed
business. The said business will increase rate of
employment through providing job opportunities
to those people who were unable to attain higher
education.
1. Nature of the Firm

2. Place of Business

3. The type and capacity of equipment or plant to be set up
(if there is one)

4. Type of business and ownership

5. Major Assumptions
1.
*Specify the
*Product or services the firm
intends to provide
*Product to be manufactured

*Describe briefly the physical
properties of the product.
*Examples
*Products
* Milled rice
* By-product
* Straw hull
*Services
* Milling
* Storage
* Threshing
* Drying
2.
*Include the following
*Head office
*Branch location of the intended business or project
*Exact location of the plant (Use location maps as an
aid for evaluation)

3.
*Specify the kind of equipment, its purpose, its
model, and its capacity.




4.
*Is your business a:
*sole proprietorship or sole ownership?
*partnership?
*corporation ?
*cooperative?
*franchise?
5.
*Indicate the major assumption to
prove the viability of putting up the
business.
1. Investment cost
a. Equipment and
machinery (acquisition
cost)
b. Building
c. Land
d. Installation

2. Fixed Expenses
a. Depreciation
b. Interest
c. Repairs and maintenance
d. Taxes
e. Licenses
f. Other charges
g. Insurance costs
h. Amortization

3. Variable Expenses
a. Labor
b. Operating expenses (fuel consumption, handling expenses)

4. Miscellaneous Expenses (amount allotted for contingencies
in the operation based on a percentage of the variable
cost)
C.
*In every feasibility study, the marketing aspect is meant to
establish the:
*ANNUAL QUANTITY of the product which is expected to be sold
by the project in the future
*SELLING PRICE at which the product can be sold
*MARKETING PROGRAM to be adopted to sell the given quantity
at a given price.
D.
*The purpose of this aspect
of the study is to:
*select the manufacturing
process
*machinery capacity and
design
*machinery supplier
*plant location and layout
*structure and specifications
*materials
*utilities specifications
*sources
*Describe the:
*highlights of the business
with respect to the quantity
*quality and the
manufacturing cost of the
end product.

*Mention also if advantageous
modern techniques are to be
employed.

E.
*Evaluate or estimate the:
*future profitability
*cash transactions
*financial condition of the
project.


*Differentiate the sets of
such estimates based on
varying assumptions. This
will help pinpoint the most
commercially feasible
combination of project
specification.
F.
*Your business should not only be
PROFITABLE. It should as well be SOCIALLY
ACCEPTABLE and BENEFICIAL. Your
business should therefore, generate
employment from the community and
bring in revenues to the government.
*The proposed business will be located at Kaysuyo, Alfonso,
Cavite. 72% of its residents are engaged in agriculture, taking
advantage of its good location which best suits the proposed
business. The said business will increase rate of employment
through providing job opportunities to those people who were
unable to attain higher education.

*In putting up a business, registration of business is necessary
to have permits and license from the government office.
These, along with taxes are then paid as the business
operates. Taxes form part of the government revenues that
help to support the needs of the public.
*The proposed business will employ people who have
knowledge about agriculture preferably those who are living
within the adjacent area of the location of the proposed
business. These employees will receive fair compensation
according to their qualifications and performance. Salaries
are based on the minimum wage set by the government.
*Increase in population will result in increase in demand for
food, which also means an increase in demand for pork in the
area. With the continuous operation of the business, the
employees will be helped to uplift the standard of their
living.
*In order for the business to operate legally, it must comply
with the government requirements as follows:
*Mayors Permit
*Business Permit
*Certificate of Non-Coverage and other Municipal Licenses
*Environmental Compliance Certificate
Registration with the SSS, Philhealth and PAG-IBIG.
*Registration with Bureau of Internal Revenue.
*It will satisfy the customers need.
*It will ensure the customers the of
the Farms product.
G.
*This means project scheduling using the PERT-CPM and the
Gantt Chart. This also includes the best business financial
scheme for the project, including the funding for personnel
and their compensation and benefits.
*




*





- it states the demand for the product
or services and the supply based on
the existing industry capacities.

- it should show the following:
Demand Analysis
Supply Analysis
Production Requirement
- it is used to know what
the buyers desire.
- a detailed review of how the
available quantity of a product is
affected by changes in demand,
input factors and production
techniques.

The sum of authorized stock
levels and pipeline needs less
stocks expected to become
available, stock on hand, stocks
due in, returned stocks, and
stocks from salvage, reclamation,
rebuild, and other sources.
- it is ascertained if you will engage in
any manufacturing business.
- this aspect seeks to establish the
workability or technical soundness
of your business by interfacing the
demand with the available resources
and technology.
A.Business location shown through maps to
indicate the exact strategic location.
Also, determine the adequacy of
manpower, availability and power
source, proximity to market and raw
materials, and accessibility to
transportation and market.
B. Services offered by the project, including the
physical and chemical attributes, raw
materials.

C.Machineries and utilities required including the
fuel, water, electricity and other alternative
technical description of the project, including
the physical characteristics and advantages.
Indicate the acquisition cost, economic life
span, rated capacities and fuel consumption of
the machineries. Justify the type of machine
and process to be adopted in the production
process.
D.Building structure, citing the type of support
facilities and materials to be used in the
construction. Include the layout/floor plan to
show the overall arrangement of equipment,
stock room and other accessories required in
facilitating the business operation.

E. Manufacturing process should be illustrated
through flowcharts and or diagrams to give a
simplified reference guide of the operations of
the plant and the types of product and services
that will be offered by the product.