Appendices 10.A & 10.

B:
An Educational
Presentation
Presented By:
Joseph Ash
Jordan Baldwin
Justin Hirt
Andrea Lance
History of Heat Conduction
Jean Baptiste Biot

(1774-186!

"rench Physicist

#or$ed on analysis o%
heat conduction

&nsuccess%ul at dealin'
with the pro(le) o%
incorporatin' e*ternal
con+ection e%%ects in heat
conduction analysis
History of Heat Conduction
Jean Baptiste Joseph "ourier

(1768 , 18-.!

/ead Biot0s wor$

18.7 deter)ined how to sol+e the

pro(le)

"ourier0s Law

1i)e rate o% heat %low (2! throu'h a

sla( is proportional to the 'radient o%
te)perature di%%erence
History of Heat Conduction
3rnst 4ch)idt

5er)an scientist

Pioneer in 3n'ineerin'
1her)odyna)ics

Pu(lished paper 65raphical 7i%%erence

8ethod %or &nsteady Heat 9onduction:

"irst to )easure +elocity and

te)perature %ield in %ree con+ection
(oundary layer and lar'e heat trans%er
coe%%icients

4ch)idt ;u)(er

Analo'y (etween heat and )ass

trans%er that causes a di)ensionless
<uantity
Derivation of the
Heat Conduction
Equation
A %irst appro*i)ation o% the e<uations
that 'o+ern the conduction o% heat in a
solid rod=
Consider the following:

A uni%or) rod is insulated on (oth lateral

ends=

Heat can now only %low in the a*ial direction=

>t is pro+en that heat per unit ti)e will pass

%ro) the war)er section to the cooler one=

1he a)ount o% heat is proportional to the

area? A? and to the te)perature di%%erence
1

-1
1
? and is in+ersely proportional to the
separation distance? d=

1he %inal consideration can (e e*pressed as the

%ollowin':
is a proportionality %actor called the ther)al conducti+ity and is deter)ined (y )aterial
properties
Assumptions

1he (ar has a len'th L so *@. and *@L

Per%ectly insulated

1e)perature? u? depends only on position? *?

and ti)e? t

&sually +alid when the lateral di)ensions are

s)all co)pared to the total len'th=

1he di%%erential e<uation 'o+ernin'

the te)perature o% the (ar is a
physical (alance (etween two rates:

"lu*A"low ter)

A(sorption ter)
Flux

1he instantaneous rate o% heat trans%er %ro) le%t to

ri'ht across the cross sections *@*
.
where *
.
is
ar(itrary can (e de%ined as:

1he ne'ati+e is needed in order to show a positi+e

rate %ro) le%t to ri'ht (hot to cold!
Flux

4i)ilarly? the instantaneous rate o% heat trans%er

%ro) ri'ht to le%t across the cross section *@*
.
BC*
where C* is s)all can (e de%ined as:
Flux

1he a)ount o% heat enterin' the (ar in a ti)e span

o% Ct is %ound (y su(tractin' the pre+ious two
e<uations and then )ultiplyin' the result (y Ct:
Heat Asorption

1he a+era'e chan'e in te)perature? Cu? can (e

written in ter)s o% the heat introduced? 2 Ct and
the )ass C) o% the ele)ent as:
where s @ speci%ic heat o% the )aterial
D @ density
Heat Asorption

1he actual te)perature chan'e o% the (ar is si)ply

the actual chan'e in te)perature at so)e
inter)ediate point? so the a(o+e e<uation can also
(e written as:
1his is the heat a(sorption e<uation=
Heat !"uation

3<uatin' the 2Ct in the %lu* and a(sorption

ter)s? we %ind the heat a(sorption e<uation to
(e:

>% we di+ide the a(o+e e<uation (y C*Ct and allow

(oth C* and Ct to (oth 'o to .? we will o(tain the
heat conduction or diffusion equation:
where
and has the di)ensions o% len'thEAti)e and called
the ther)al di%%usi+ity
Boundary Conditions

9ertain (oundary conditions )ay apply to the

speci%ic heat conduction pro(le)? %or
e*a)ple:

>% one end is )aintained at so)e constant

te)perature +alue? then the (oundary condition
%or that end is u @ T=

>% one end is per%ectly insulated? then the

(oundary condition stipulates u
x
= .=
#enerali$ed Boundary
Conditions

9onsider the end where *@. and the rate o% %low o%

heat is proportional to the te)perature at the end o%
the (ar=

/ecall that the rate o% %low will (e 'i+en? %ro) le%t to ri'ht? as

#ith this said? the rate o% heat %low out o% the (ar %ro) ri'ht to
le%t will (e

1here%ore? the (oundary condition at *@. is

where h
1
is a proportionality constant
i% h
1
@.? then it corresponds to an insulated end
i% h
1
'oes to in%inity? then the end is held at . te)p=
#enerali$ed Boundary
Conditions

4i)ilarly? i% heat %low occurs at the end * @ L? then the

(oundary condition is as %ollows:
where? a'ain? h

is a nonFero proportionality
%actor
%nitial Boundary Condition

"inally? the te)perature distri(ution at one

%i*ed instant , usually ta$en at t @ .? ta$es the
%or):
occurrin' throu'hout the (ar
#enerali$ations

4o)eti)es? the ther)al conducti+ity? density?

speci%ic heat? or area )ay chan'e as the a*ial
position chan'es= 1he rate o% heat trans%er under
such conditions at *@*
.
is now:

1he heat e<uation then (eco)es a partial

di%%erential e<uation in the %or):
or
#enerali$ations

Gther ways %or heat to enter or lea+e a (ar )ust

also (e ta$en into consideration=

Assu)e G(x,t,u! is a rate per unit per ti)e=

4ource

G(x,t,u! is added to the (ar

G(x,t,u! is positi+e? non-Fero? linear? and u does not depend on t

G(x,t,u! )ust (e added to the le%t side o% the heat e<uation

yieldin' the %ollowin' di%%erential e<uation
#enerali$ations

4i)ilarly?

4in$

G(x,t,u! is su(tracted %ro) the (ar

G(x,t,u! is positi+e? non-Fero? linear? and u does not

depend on t

G(x,t,u! then under this sin$ condition ta$es the

%or):
#enerali$ations

Puttin' the source and sin$ e<uations to'ether

in the heat e<uation yields
which is co))only called the generalized
heat conduction equation
&ulti'dimensional space

;ow consider a (ar in which the te)perature is

a %unction o% )ore than Hust the a*ial *-
direction= 1hen the heat conduction e<uation
can then (e written:

-7:

--7:
!xample 1: (ection 10.)*
+rolem ,
Let an aluminum rod of length 20 cm be initially
at the uniform temperature 25! "uppose that
at time t=0, the end x=0 is cooled to 0 #hile
the end x=20 is heated to $0, and both are
thereafter maintained at those temperatures!
%ind the temperature distribution in
the rod at any time t
!xample 1: (ection 10.)*
+rolem ,
%ind the temperature distribution, u&x,t'

2
u
xx
=u
t
, 0(x(20, t(0
u&0,t'=0 u&20,t'=$0, t(0
u&x,0'=25, 0(x(20
"ro) the initial e<uation we %ind that:
L@.? 1
1
@.? 1

@6.? %(*!@I
#e loo$ up the 1her)al 7i%%usi+ity o% alu)inu)J

@.=86
!xample 1: (ection 10.)*
+rolem ,
&sin' 3<uations 16 and 17 %ound on pa'e 614? we
%ind that
where
( ) ( )

,
_

+ +
1
1 1 2
sin ,
2
2 2 2
n
L
t n
n
L
x n
e c T
L
x
T T t x u


( ) ( )

,
_

1
]
1

L
n
dx
L
x n
T
L
x
T T x f
L
c
0
1 1 2
sin
2
!xample 1: (ection 10.)*
+rolem ,
3+aluatin' c
n
? we %ind that
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )

n
n
c
n
n n n n
c
dx
x n x
c
n
n
L
n
50 cos 70
5 sin 12 cos 7 10
20
sin 0
20
0 60 25
20
2
2
0
+

1
]
1

,
_

1
]
1

!xample 1: (ection 10.)*

+rolem ,
;ow we can sol+e %or u(*?t!
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )

,
_

,
_

+
+

,
_

,
_

+
+ +
1
400
86 . 0
1
20
86 . 0
20
sin
50 cos 70
3 ,
20
sin
50 cos 70
0
20
0 60 ,
2
2
2 2 2
n
t n
n
t n
x n
e
n
n
x t x u
x n
e
n
n x
t x u

!xample 1: (ection 10.)*

+rolem ,
-eri.ation of the /a.e
!"uation
Applica(le %or:
KGne space di)ension? trans+erse +i(rations on elastic strin'
K3ndpoints at x @ . and x @ L alon' the x-a*is
K4et in )otion at t @ . and then le%t undistur(ed
(chematic of (tring in 0ension
!"uation -eri.ation
4ince there is no acceleration in the horiFontal direction
Howe+er the +ertical co)ponents )ust satis%y
where is the coordinate to the center o% )ass and the
wei'ht is ne'lected
/eplacin' T with ) the and rearran'in' the e<uation (eco)es
0 cos ) , ( ) cos( ) , ( + + t x T t x x T
) , ( sin ) , ( ) sin( ) , ( t x xu t x T t x x T
tt
+ +
x
) , (
) , ( ) , (
t x u
x
t x V t x x V
tt

+
-eri.ation continued
Lettin' ? the e<uation (eco)es
1o e*press this in ter)s o% only ter)s o% u we note that
1he resultin' e<uation in ter)s o% u is
and since *&t' is not dependant on x the resultin' e<uation is
0 x
) , ( ) , ( t x u t x V
tt x

) , ( ) ( tan ) ( ) , ( t x u t H t H t x V
x

tt x x
u Hu ) (
tt xx
u Hu
-eri.ation Continued
"or s)all )otions o% the strin'? it is appro*i)ated that
usin' the su(stitution that
the wa+e e<uation ta$es its custo)ary %or) o%
T T H cos
/
2
T a
tt xx
u u a
2
/a.e !"uation #enerali$ations
1he tele'raph e<uation
where c and + are nonne'ati+e constants
cu
t
arises %ro) a +iscous da)pin' %orce
+u arises %ro) an elastic restorin' %orce
%&x,t' arises %ro) an e*ternal %orce
1he di%%erences (etween this tele'raph e<uation and the custo)ary
wa+e e<uation are due to the consideration o% internal elastic
%orces= 1his e<uation also 'o+erns %low o% +olta'e or current in a
trans)ission line? where the coe%%icients are related to the electrical
para)eters in the line=
) , (
2
t x F u a ku cu u
xx t tt
+ + +
/a.e !"uations in Additional
-imensions
"or a +i(ratin' syste) with )ore than on si'ni%icant space
coordinate it )ay (e necessary to consider the wa+e e<uation in
)ore than one di)ension=
"or two di)ensions the wa+e e<uation (eco)es
"or three di)ensions the wa+e e<uation (eco)es
tt yy xx
u u u a + ) (
2
tt zz yy xx
u u u u a + + ) (
2
!xample 1: (ection 10.2*
+rolem )
9onsider an elastic strin' o% len'th L whose ends
are held %i*ed= 1he strin' is set in )otion %ro)
its e<uili(riu) position with an initial +elocity
'(*!= Let L@1. and a@1= "ind the strin'
displace)ent %or any ti)e t=
( )
( )

'

,
4
, 1
,
4
L
x L
L
x
x g
L x
L
L
x
L
L
x

< <

4
3
4
3
4
4
0
!xample 1: (ection 10.2*
+rolem )
"ro) e<uations -I and -6 on pa'e 6-1? we %ind
that
where
( )

,
_

,
_

1
sin sin ,
n
n
L
at n
L
x n
k t x u

( )

,
_

L
n
dx
L
x n
x g
L
k
L
a n
0
sin
2
!xample 1: (ection 10.2*
+rolem )
4ol+in' %or $
n
? we %ind:
( )
( )
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

1
]
1

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

4
sin
4
3
sin
8
sin
4
sin
4
3
sin
4 2
sin
4
sin sin
4 2
3
2
4
0
4
3
4
4
3

n n
n a
L
k
n
n n
n
L
a n
k
dx
L
x n
L
x L
dx
L
x n
dx
L
x n
L
x
L
k
L
a n
n
n
L L
L
L
L
n
!xample 1: (ection 10.2*
+rolem )
;ow we can sol+e %or u(*?t!
( )
( )
( )
( )

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

,
_

1
3 3
1
3 3
1
3
10
sin
10
sin
4
sin
4
3
sin
1 80
,
sin sin
4
sin
4
3
sin
1 8
,
sin sin
4
sin
4
3
sin
8
,
n
n
n
t n x n n n
n
t x u
L
at n
L
x n n n
n
L
t x u
L
at n
L
x n n n
n a
L
t x u

0H! !3-