GROUP 4

DIYAH AYU MUMPUNI (13513023)

DWI AYU ROHMAH (13513024)
EKA PUTRI RAHMANINGTYAS (13513025)
ELIVIN RENAWATI (13513026)
ENNA REZTYANINGRUM (13513027)
EVIE TRY WAHYUNIARTI (13513028)
FADILATHUL MUAROFAH (13513029)
FADILATUR ROHMAH (13513030)
Drug Abuse

In terms of daily drug use , there is the term drug abuse (
drug abuse) and drug misuse (drug misuse ) . The term drug
abuse refers to circumstances in which the drug is used
excessively without medical purpose or specific indications .
Meanwhile , the term drug user mistake is referring to the
improper use of drugs , which is usually caused because the
user does not know how to use the correct medication . In
this paper we will only be assessed on drug abuse ( drug
abuse) only.

Drug abuse is widespread in many parts of the world . Drug
misuse is not only a kind of Cocain , or heroin , but also drugs
that are commonly prescribed . Drug abuse is closely linked to
issues of tolerance , addiction or addiction , which in turn can
develop into drug dependence (drug dependence ) . Users are
generally aware that they made a mistake , but they were not
able to avoid again .



The drugs are often abused

There are three classes of drugs most commonly abused are:

- class of opiate analgesics / narcotics , for example, is codeine , oxycodon , morphine
- class of central nervous system depressants to treat anxiety and sleep disorders ,
such as barbiturates ( luminal ) and the class of benzodiazepines ( diazepam / valium ,
klordiazepoksid , clonazepam , alprazolam , etc. )
- class of central nervous system stimulant , for example dekstroamfetamin ,
amphetamines , etc. .


These drugs work on the nervous system , and generally lead to dependence or addiction .
In addition , there are also other classes of drugs that are used to take advantage of a
side effect, not based on formal written indication . Some examples are:

The use of misoprostol , a prostaglandin analogue to prevent peptic ulcer / gastric
disorder , commonly used for an abortion because they are trigger uterine contractions .
The use Profilas ( ketotifen ) , an anti- histamine which is indicated for the prophylaxis
of asthma , often prescribed to increase the appetite of children
The use Somadryl for " strong medicine " for women commercial sex workers to
support its work . These drugs containing carisoprodol , a muscle relaxant , used to relax
muscle tension . This interesting report came from Denpasar from a colleague . According
to information , physicians often prescribe Somadryl , and are redeemed at pharmacies is
" pimp " her, and is intended to be more robust commercial sex workers " to work " , etc. .
Reasons drug abuse

There are three possibilities for the start of drug abuse .

The first , a person initially was sick , for example chronic pain , anxiety ,
insomnia , etc. , which do require medication , and they get the drug legally with
a doctor's prescription . But then , these drugs cause tolerance , in which the
patient requires increasing doses to get the same effect . And they will then
increase its use , perhaps without consulting a doctor . Furthermore , they will
experience withdrawal symptoms if the medication is stopped , they will
become addicted to or dependence on the drug , so they are trying to obtain
these drugs in any way .

The second possibility , someone starts to drug abuse is recreational purposes .
That is , since the beginning of the use of drugs is no clear medical purpose ,
just to get fun effects which may be obtained from the drug . These events
are generally closely associated with substance abuse others , including non-
prescription drugs , such as cocaine , heroin , ecstassy , alcohol , etc. .

Third , by making use of someone abusing the drug side effects as mentioned
above . It could be that the users themselves do not know , just followed what
the doctor prescribed . The medicine is not the drugs that can lead to
tolerance and addiction . Its use also may not be in the long term that causes
How the drug tolerance ?

In people who start using drugs because there is a medical disorder / mental
previous , drug abuse , especially for psychotropic drugs , may depart from
the occurrence of tolerance , and finally dependence . According to the
concept of neurobiology , the term dependence ( dependence ) refers to
physical dependence , psychological dependence , while for the term is the
addiction ( addiction ) . In this section will be presented briefly about drug
tolerance .

Tolerance of the drug itself can be divided into 3 types , namely : tolerance
pharmacokinetic , pharmacodynamic tolerance , and tolerance were studied (
learned tolerance ) .

1 . Tolerance is a change in the distribution pharmacokinetics or metabolism
of a drug after repeated administration , which makes the administered dose
produces blood levels were decreased compared with the same dose on the
first administration . The most common mechanism is an increased rate of
metabolism of the drug . Examples are drugs known as barbiturates . It
stimulates the production of cytochrome P450 enzymes that metabolize
drugs , so the metabolism / degradation itself is enhanced . Therefore , a
person will require ever-increasing doses of the drug to get the same levels
of drug in the blood or the same therapeutic effect . Opera In addition , the
use of barbiturates with other drugs will also increase the metabolism of
other drugs are used together , thus requiring dose increase.
2. Tolerance pharmacodynamics refers to adaptive
changes that occur in the body systems that are
affected by the drug, so that the body's response to
the drug decreases on repeated administration. This
example happens to use the benzodiazepine class of
drugs, where drug receptors in the body undergo
desensitization, thus requiring increasing doses on
repeated administration to achieve the same
therapeutic effect.

3. Tolerance is learned (learned tolerance) means the
reduction of the effects of the drug with a
mechanism that is obtained because of the last
experience.

Needs increasing doses of the drug can cause physical
dependence, in which the body has adapted to the presence of
the drug, and will show withdrawal symptoms (withdrawal
symptoms) if drug use is stopped. Drug dependence is not always
associated with psychotropic medications, but may also occur in
non-drug-psychotropic drugs, such as sympathomimetic drugs
and classes of nitrate vasodilators.

On the other hand, addiction or drug addiction characterized by
the impulse, the desire to use a drug despite negative
consequences to know. The drugs that are addictive generally
produces feelings of euphoria and reward strong, which makes
people want to use and use drugs again. Drug addiction over time
will bring people to the physical dependence is also
How pharmacotherapy ?

Grappling with drug abuse requires an integrated effort ,
involving psychological approaches , social , legal , and medical .
In this article will only discuss the pharmacotherapy ( treatment
with drugs ) for the circumstances associated with drug
dependence .

Conditions that need to be addressed on the state of drug
addiction pharmacotherapy there are two , namely the condition
of intoxication, and the incidence of emergence of drug
withdrawal symptoms ( "withdrawal " ) . Thus , the goal of
treatment varies depending on the purpose :

Therapy on intoxication / overdose aim to eliminate drugs
from the body , keeping the body's vital functions
Therapy on the symptoms of drug withdrawal aim to prevent
the development of symptoms that are not getting worse , so
that patients remain comfortable in undergoing drug withdrawal

Surely each drug classes have different ways of handling , in
accordance with clinical symptoms occur . The following are
summary tables of intoxication therapy in various types of drugs
that are often abused
Misuse of medical devices

Injections and needles still not used appropriately in health
centers in Africa , putting millions of patients at risk of infectious
diseases such as HIV and hepatitis C.
Injections has been misused by quacks and even doctors , who use
it to make money from patients , particularly in poor countries
where people perceive the syringe as a symbol of healing .
According to the United Nations Children Found ( UNICEF ) , in
developing countries alone , 16 billion injections are given each year
, 90 % for the purposes of treatment,50 % were unsafe injections .

Syringes used by diabetic patients to inject insulin found in the
street and used by injecting drug users , the main drivers of new
HIV infections . Agunda warned that traditional healers in rural
areas and in urban slums endanger the lives of people through the
disposal and use of used syringes . In an effort to reduce costs
they may choose to wear a used syringe and infect a large number
of people in such settings , and it is the reason for the need for
adequate surveillance by African governments to cope.

the dangers of misuse of syringes including used syringes,
because among others, could cause the type of contracting HIV
/ Aids.

So called, in order to purchase needles carelessly not be
obtained by anyone,

for every official institution anywhere, which has been
constantly utilization of medical equipment including syringes,
should the indirect discarded after use in any place, but to be
destroyed in accordance procedural safety.

Following former carelessly discarded hypodermic needles, for
this too many collectors and re-charged Artisan pulung, To be
traded back after cleaning.