England and France

Historical events of the 18

th
century
18th century (1701-1800)
The 18
th
century is the century of the industrial
revolutions and of the French Revolution, of the
struggle for sea power, trade of large streams,
classicism and enlightenment, great leaders with
ideas of change and transition from absolute
monarchy, which means that power belonged to a
single person, the King, to constitutional monarchy, in
which we talk about separation of powers in the
State.
The 18
th
century is the century in which many
philosophers have discussed on these large curents,
one of them is Emmanuel Kant, who says about the
French Revolution: " This event is too huge, too tied
to the interests of humanity, has too much influence
in all corners of the world, the people are not to
remember him and not be tempted to repeat the
experience".
England
In the 18
th
century England, we assist to a progressive
differentiation between the State and the Power .
First, the State remains bound by the Law, second, the
Power refers to international policies .
The balance principle of power is the one who favors
the policy of the great powers and the great State,
and the one who entitle the concept of equality
between States.The major powers are those who run
the game of international politics, while small States
are like tools.
In the 18
th
century,the french society was split into
orders or states.
The first state ,clergy ,the second nobles ,and the third
burgoisie ,villagers and urban workers.
England
England
The England of 18
th
century has many historic
events that exeplify its power.
The period 1702 -1714 mark the Epoque of The
Queen Ana.
The Queen Ana sustain the whigs:
because they were strangers about any iacobin
knowledge(the iacobin knewledge is an oppinion that
is like a marker between centralism and The State)
because they were sustaining the European Politics.
In 1702 ,John Churchill was the Duke of
Marlborough , a military leader.
England
John Churchill was elected on the highest rungs of
the military power.
The first parliament of Queen Ana was composed of
extremists torys. Political and religious controversies
became as violent as brilliant . Freedom of the press
encourage the writting of pamphlets , drawn up by
the greatest writers,like Steele and Addison (Tatler
and Spectator).
In 18
th
century England had more chances than any
other country to gain supremacy on the sea. She
could spend for the Navy to more than mainland
powers. The form of Government encourage on
collect heavy taxes .
England
England and Scotland were separate, although the
two countries were ruled by the same King.
In 1707 it was decided to unite the two countries in
one, with leading institutions.The new country was
named the United Kingdom of Great Britain.In 1800
Ireland was United with Great Britain which has
become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and
Northern Ireland.
The war of succession to the Spanish throne lasted
until 1713.
The Treaty signed at Utrecht in 1713, England
scored two major bases in the Mediterranean:
Gibraltar and Minorca Island Harbour.
He United the Empire with Newfoundland and
Hudson Bay, which they concede France failing to
wrest Spain.

England
In 1745- 1746 , Charlie the Handsome Prince is in the
forefront of the Jacobite troubles .
In 1756 -1763 , During the seven years ' War, leaving
United Kingdom winner.
The 18th century sees the balance policy in theory
and practice of international life, as a means of
seeking and attaining a peace of Europe.
Possession of material and human resources have
led to the invasion of Silesia by Prussia in 1740, ally
of England.
In the age of Walpole, this early Hanoverian Kings
gives their historical importance, and the history of the
British monarchy is looking to bring in a parliamentary
monarchy.

Englan
d
A whig Prime Minister Stan-Hope-
Townshend quell an uprising of partisans of
Jacob in 1715, and a company of the
South received the British trade monopoly
in 1711 with South America. In 1720 a
great burst of financial conflict: South Sea
Bubble .

England
Robert Walpole was one of the greatest British
Government Ministers, for 20 years he stayed in
power.Pacifism of Walpole was served by
circumstances, that is, the Treaty of Utrecht
(1713).Commercial Sovinism grew, and the
Spanish coast were in searching for all services
of English ships.The Walpole end with the
Spaniards a Convention fair, strengthened by a
young parliamentarian William Pitt.
England, is in its conquest now of an empire.
It appears the homogeneous Cabinet and the
Alliance with France is signed. In 1745 Marshal
Saxe at Fontenoy get a brilliant victory over
England. Between 1740-1748, England and
France were in a State of war.By the Treaty of
Aix-a-Chapelle in 1748 he was made to return the
English Madras from the Dupleix. And then was
the peace of Aix-a-Chapelle,in 1748 followed by
the reign of William Pitt.


England
William Pitt was born in 1708.
He entered the House of Commons as deputy for
House of Commons, in 1735 is required to power, but
England is aware of a number of failures .
George the second dies in 1760 and is replaced by
nephew George the third .
Pitt is ready to declare war to Spain in 1761 .
But eventually he resigns because no one supports
him.
The peace of Paris was signed in 1763; England gave
to Spain Canada, Saint-Vincent, Dominica, Tobago,
and Senegal, while England restituted on Santa-Lucia,
Guadeloupe, Martinique.
Between 1793-1815, the United Kingdom is at war
with France.

Industrial revolution
The industrial revolution was unleashed at the end
of the 18
th
century and the first decades of the
19
th
century in England and then in France.
Had on its base the invention and use of machine-
tools have revolutionized the technical manuals,
old methods like the invention of the machine, in
1764 ' Jenny ' (spinning machine in 1769 of
Arkwright; spinning machine of thin, in 1779
Crompton , mechanical war machine weaving
with steam, James Watt ).
The industrial revolution presupposes social
division of labour, new centers and industrial
cities, economic development.
Classicism
Its parents were Horatius and Boileau .
The great poet of the time ,Pope ,componed a
poem entitled Dunciana,inspired from Boileau.
Swift and Daniel Defoe are writing Gulivers
Travels(Swift) and Robinson Crusoe(Daniel
Defoe).
Steele and Addison require English essay form it
will keep a long time .
It is also the epoque of Oliver Goldsmith.
The 18th century is dominated by a implacable
logic.
France in 18
th
century
The State and the population passed through an
economic and financial crisis, because France was
involved in 3 wars: the war of the Austrian Succession
(1740-1748) the seven years War (1756-1763), the
american War of independence (1778-1783) .
The reform attempts of the French financial system
failed .
War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) broke
with the death of Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI,
who make peace during his lifetime the pragmatic
sanction, which was originally developed by all
European powers.
The most important event of the 18th century was the
Fall of the Bastille .
The Peace from Versailles was a revanche of France
above the Treaty from Paris,and for England a big
humiliation and important was also the reign of
Ludovic XVI .

The Fall of the Bastille
On the morning of 15 July, King realized the
defeat in front of insurection parizians citizens .
On august 4, the National Assembly abolished
feudalism, removing the privileges of the nobles
and clergy, canceling orders, and special rights of
cities and provinces.
On 26 august, the National Assembly published
the Declaration of human rights and of the
Citizens, in which the revolutionary ideals are
summed up in the formula liberty, equality,
fraternity .

The seven years ' war (1756-
1763)
It took place the capture by the English fleet of
French ships on the american coast, in
Newfound-land.
Diplomatic relations between England and France
have started the military conflict.With England
was present, Prussia, with France, the Habsburg
Empire and Russia.
Following the Peace of Paris in 1763, France was
forced to give up the left bank of the Mississippi
River,a part of the Antilei and Senegal.
The French revolution (1789-
1799)
The French revolution was a major event that led
to the overthrow of the old regime and the
establishment of a new political and social order
in France .
France has experienced all the systems of
Government, passing in succession from
absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy
after the British model.



The
enlightenment
The enlightenment was an ideological and cultural
movement, which was manifested during the
eighteenth century, whose purpose was to enlighten
the nation through education and culture.
In that period are known : Voltaire, Montesquieu, and
Rousseau .
Voltaire was in the Enlightenment the theorist of
despotism .
Montesquieu was targeting moderate
Enlightenment.In 1721 the 'Persian Letters ' and ' the
spirit of laws ', which refers to the principle of
separation of powers in the State. Jean-Jacques
Rousseau was radical, and the guidance of operas
are: Discourse on the seeming inequality of wealth
and the Social contract.
Bibliography
Andre Maurois-The history of England,1767
The French Revolution,Maxx Gallo
The Internet