Critical Review On Soil Investigation

Critical Review on Soil
Investigation
Prepared by

1. GOYAL DHANSHREE 100420106006
2. GOYANI JIGAR 100420106007
3. DIYORA PRATIK 100420106008
4. DESAI SHANI 100420106009
5. SINGHI ADITYA 100420106010
6. GADHIYA DARPAN 100420106012

Supervising Teachers
Prof.Pratima Patel
Prof. Khushbu Berawala

1. INTRODUCTION

The investigation of the site is an essential prerequisite to the construction of all civil Engineering
works with a view to assess the general suitability of the site for the proposed new works and to
enable in preparing an adequate and economic design.

It is usually judicious to collect information relating to the site prior to commencing its exploration.
The exploration of the site for an important structure requires the exploration and sampling of all
strata likely to be significantly affected by the structural load. The extent of this the exploration will
depend on the site and structure.

All structures rest on the foundation soil and their performance depends on soil behavior. To study
the behavior of soil in foundation or earthwork engineering, properties of soil under the actual field
conditions have to be obtained.

Soil exploration provides the detailed sub soil conditions such as Stratification, Hardness &
Denseness of the strata, Water table level, Compressibility, Soil stability, Stress analysis, Shearing
resistance & Failure analysis.

This complete report is very much useful for ...

Calculation of Safe Bearing Capacity (SBC) of the soil.
The Estimation & provision of the ground water table level in design of foundation and. if needed to
decide upon the method to solve the ground water problem.
To select an Economical yet safe Design of foundation.
The Economical optimization of foundation design.
The Foundation settlement analysis & to provide provision for the same in design.
To check the probability of Liquefaction of the soil.
To forecast the difficulties which are likely to be encountered due to the nature of subsoil during
construction and to take advance action in that regard.

Soil Borings

Soil borings are an essential element of the preliminary engineering investigations for highway
bridge foundation design, cut and natural slope stability evaluations, embankment stability and
settlement evaluations, and highway location selection. The purposes of soil borings include the
following:

Determine the extent and characteristics of the various natural soil formations.
Obtain high-quality samples representative of the different soil formations for laboratory testing and
subsequent engineering analyses. UDOT GEOTECHNICAL MANUAL OF INSTRUCTION
AUGUST 2010
Investigate possible trouble conditions such as springs, swamps, bogs, seepage zones, slide
areas, expansive soils or rock, collapsible soils, soft soils, weak soils or rock, compressible soils,
liquefiable soils, or other unusual soil or rock, or moisture conditions which could affect construction
of highway structures or Roadbed stability.

In-Situ Tests for Subsurface Explorations
Test Application
Cone Penetration Test Records continuous profile of soil behavior versus depth in soft/loose to moderately stiff/dense soils.
May also be used to measure shear wave velocities, pore pressures, etc.

Field Permeability Test
Estimates in-situ permeability of soil for detention basins and similar applications.

Field Vane Shear Test Provides indication of in-situ undrained strength of soft to stiff fine-grained soils.
Particularly useful where sampling disturbance may reduce soil strength.
Plate Load Test
Models resistance of soil to shallow foundation loads.
Standard Penetration Test
Obtains a disturbed sample for classification and testing. Blow count provides good indication of
density in cohesion less soils.

Sub-soil Investigation Report :

A good report should normally comprise the following:

1. Introduction, which gives scope of investigation report.
2. A general description of the nature of the project and its importance.
3. A general description of the topographical features.
4. Details of field exploration program, indicating the number of borings, their location and
depths.
5. Details of the methods of exploration.
6. General description of the sub-soil conditions as obtained from in-situ tests such as
SPT, SCPT, and DCPT.
7. Details of the laboratory tests conducted on the soil samples and the results obtained.
8. Depth of the ground water table and changes in water levels.
9. Discussion of the result.
10. Recommendation about the allowable bearing pressure, the type of foundation or
structure.
11. Conclusions. The main findings of investigations should be clearly stated. limitation of
the investigations should also briefly stated.

Case Study Of Surat Zones

1. Surat East :-

Site Layers(m) Moisture
Content (%)
Density
(g/cc)
G Particle Size Analysis (%) Shear Parameter
Bulk Dry
G
r
S
n
Silt+ Clay C
(kg/cm
2
)

(degr
ee)
Mota
Varacha
00.00-01.40
01.40-03.00
03.00-06.00
06.00-12.50
21.78
22.89
23.96
22.31
-
1.86
1.88
1.91
-
1.51
1.52
1.56
-
2.55
2.68
2.55
0
0
0
0
7
13
4
16
93
87
96
84
-
-
0.75
-
-
-
11.9
O

-

Sarthana 00.00-03.00
03.00-13.50
13.50-19.50
19.50-30.50
21.54
20.06
18.20
24.23
-
1.88
-
1.88
-
1.55
-
1.65
-
2.76
-
2.64
1
23
9
10
32
54
81
48
67
23
10
42
-
0.00
0.00
0.77
-
30.7
O

31.5
O

12.8
O

Site Depth(m) Water Table(m) Layers(m) I.S. Classification Field Test (SPT/VST) Soil Samples
(DS/UDS)
Mota Varacha 12.50 12.50 00.00-01.40
01.40-03.00
03.00-06.00
06.00-12.50
CI
CH
CI
CI
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
UDS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS

Sarthana 30.50 02.00 00.00-03.00
03.00-13.50
13.50-19.50
19.50-30.50
CI
SM
SW-SM
SC
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
DS/UDS
DS
DS/UDS
DISCUSSION

SARTHANNA
The site is leveled ground and all levels mentioned are w.r.t. the existing ground level
In general, sub soil mainly consist of black plastic clay with sand up to 3 m depth followed by black
dense silty sand with gravel up to 13.15 m depth followed by black dense medium to coarse sand
with gravel up to 19.50m depth followed by yellow plastic clayey medium to fine sand with gravel up
to investigation depth of 30.50m depth
The ground water table was observed at depth of 2m from ground level.
Moisture content at depth of 3 m from ground level is found to be 21.54% followed by 20.06% up to
13.50 m depth followed by 18.20% up to 19.5m followed by 24.23% up to investigation depth.

MOTA VARACHHA
In general, sub soil mainly consist of black plastic silty clay with sand up to 1.40 m depth followed
by blackish yellow high plastic clay with sand up to 3 m depth followed by yellow plastic silty clay up
to 6 m depth followed by yellow plastic silty clay with low kankar up to investigation depth of
12.50m depth
The ground water table was observed at depth of 12.5m from ground level.
Moisture content at depth of 1.4 m from ground level is found to be 21.78% followed by 22.89% up
to 3 m depth followed by 23.96% up to 6m followed by 22.31% up to investigation depth.

So in general, in surat east zone water level is found between 2-13 m depth and generally
CH,CI,SW-SM,SC type of soil exist.

2. Surat West :-

Site Depth(m) Water Table(m) Layers(m) I.S. Classification Field Test
(SPT/VST)
Soil Samples
(DS/UDS)
Palanpur
Patiya
12.50 07.50 00.00-03.00
03.00-05.40
05.40-07.50
07.50-12.50
CH
CI-CH
ML
SM
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS

Pal Area 08.50 08.50 00.00-01.50
01.50-04.00
04.00-05.00
05.00-06.00
06.00-08.50
CI
CI
SM
CI
CI-CH
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
DS/UDS
DS
UDS
DS/UDS

Jahangirpura
Bridge
38.00 00.50 00.00-03.00
03.00-05.00
05.00-07.00
07.00-11.00
11.00-16.00
16.00-21.00
21.00-24.00
24.00-38.00
SM
CI
SC
SW-SM
CH-MH
MH-CH
Blackish Thin Sand
Brownish Sandy Stone
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT

DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS
CORE
CORE
Hazira 08.50 02.20 00.00-00.60
00.60-02.00
02.00-06.30
06.30-08.50
Boulders with Murrum
SM
CI-CH
SP

SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
DS
DS/UDS
DS
Soil Properties
Content (%)
Density
(g/cc)
Bulk Dry
G
r
S
n
Silt+ Clay C
(kg/cm
2
)

(degre
e)
Palanpur
Patiya
00.00-03.00
03.00-05.40
05.40-07.50
07.50-12.50
24.06
24.48
25.19
25.82
1.76
1.88
1.90
1.98
1.42
1.50
1.52
1.58
2.63
2.66
2.73
2.80
0
2
0
0
9
2
2
65
91
96
98
35
-
0.69
-
-
-
11.9
O

-
-

Pal Area 00.00-01.50
01.50-04.00
04.00-05.00
05.00-06.00
06.00-08.50
-
17.86
12.44
23.12
24.99
-
1.75
-
1.90
1.95
-
1.51
-
1.54
1.56
-
2.88
-
2.79
2.75
0
0
0
0
0
3
33
57
17
7
74
67
43
83
93
-
0.75
-
-
-
-
12.4
O

-
-
-

Jahangirpur
a Bridge
00.00-03.00
03.00-05.00
05.00-07.00
07.00-11.00
11.00-16.00
16.00-21.00
21.00-24.00
24.00-38.00
20.00
37.69
26.03
15.00
21.00
25.00
19.38
-
2.14
1.8
1.99
2.16
1.97
1.99
-
-
1.78
1.30
1.58
1.86
1.58
1.60
-
-
2.85
2.77
2.78
2.78
2.71
2.70
-
-
5
2
16
21
16
11
-
-
82
2
48
60
30
28
-
-
14
94
37
15
-
60
-
-
0.00
0.26
-
0.01
0.96
1.12
-
-
27.9
O

8.9
O

-
31.9
O

8.6
O

9.5
O

-
-

Hazira 00.00-00.60
00.60-02.00
02.00-06.30
06.30-08.50
-
-
32.34
-
-
-
1.89
-
-
-
1.45
-
-
-
2.75
-
-
-
0.00
18
-
-
3
82
-
-
97
0
-
-
0.4
-
-
-
5.7
O

-
Table-4 (Soil Properties)
Discussion
PALANPUR PATIYA
In general, sub soil mainly consist of black high plastic clay up to 3 m depth followed by blackish
yellow high plastic clay up to 5.40 m depth followed by blackish non plastic silt up to 7.50m depth
followed by blackish yellow non-plastic silty fine sand up to investigation depth of 12.50m depth.
The ground water table was observed at depth of 7.50 m from ground level.
5.40 m depth followed by 25.19% up to 7.50m followed by 25.82% up to investigation depth.

PAL AREA
In general, sub soil mainly consist of yellow plastic silty clay with sand up to 1.50 m depth followed
by yellow low plastic clay with fine sand up to 4 m depth followed by black yellow non-plastic silt
with fine sand with up to 5 m depth followed by yellow plastic silty clay with sand up to 6 m depth.
Followed by yellow medium to high plastic clay up to investigation depth of 8.50m.
The ground water table was observed at depth of investigation.
5 m depth followed by 23.12% up to 6 m followed by 24.99% up to investigation depth.

JAHANGIRPURA
In general, sub soil mainly consist of blackish yellow silty fine sand up to 3 m depth followed by
black plastic silty clay up to 5 m depth followed by blackish yellow plastic clayey sand and gravel up
to 7m depth followed by medium to coarse sand with gravel up to 11m depth followed by yellow stiff
plastic clay with sand and gravel up to 16m depth followed by yellowish stiff plastic clay with sand
and gravel up to 21m depth followed by blackish thin binded sand layers up to 24m depth followed
by brownish sandy stone up to investigation depth of 38 m depth
The ground water table was observed at depth of 0.50 m from ground level.
Moisture content at depth of 3 m from ground level is found to be 20% followed by 37.69% up to 5
m depth followed by 26.03% up to 7m followed by 15% up to 11m depth followed by 21% up to
21m followed by 25% up to 21m depth followed by 19.38% up to 24m depth.

HAZIRA
In general, sub soil mainly consist of bolder packed with murrum up to 0.60m depth followed by
blackish yellow silty fine sand up to 2m depth followed by blackish high plastic clay up to 6.30m
depth followed by dense medium to coarse sand with gravel up to investigation depth of 8.50m
depth
Moisture content at depth of 6.30m from ground level is found to be 32.34%

So in general, surat west zone W.L. is found between 0.50-10m depth from G.L. and
comprises of CH,CI,ML,SM,SC,SW-SM, Gravel and boulders

3. Surat North :-
(SPT/VST)
Soil Samples
(DS/UDS)
Katargam

06.50 06.50 00.00-00.60
00.60-03.00
03.00-04.00
04.00-06.50
CL
CH
CH
CH
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
Content (%)
Density
(g/cc)
Bulk Dry
G
r
S
n
Silt+ Clay C
(kg/cm
2
)

(degr
ee)
Katargam 00.00-00.60
00.60-03.00
03.00-04.00
04.00-06.50
-
25
24.43
25.03
-
1.87
1.90
1.94
-
1.51
1.52
1.55
-
2.79
2.78
2.77
32
0
0
20
13
12
06
08
55
89
94
72
-
0.74
-
-
-
11.7
o

-

-

(Soil Properties)
Discussion
KATARGAM
In general, sub soil mainly consist of blackish low plastic silty clay with sand and gravel up to 0.60m
depth followed by black high plastic clay with sand up to 3m depth followed by blackish yellow high
plastic clay up to 4m depth followed by yellow high plastic clay with sand and gravel up to
investigation depth of 6.50m depth.
Moisture content at depth of 3m from ground level is found to be 25% followed by 24.43% up to 4m
depth followed by 25.03% up to 6.50m.

In general, in surat north zone W.L. is found at 6-15m depth from G.L., and consist of
CH,CI,CL,SM,ML type of soil.

4. Surat South :-
(Soil Properties)
(SPT/VST)
Soil Samples
(DS/UDS)
Udhana 6.50 06.50 00.00-04.00
04.00-06.50
CH
CH

SPT
SPT

DS/UDS
DS/UDS

Content (%)
Density
(g/cc)
Bulk Dry
G
r
S
n
Silt+
Clay
C
(kg/cm
2
)

(degr
ee)
Udhana 00.00-04.00
04.00-06.50
27.75
27.35

1.85
1.91

1.45
1.50

2.76
2.77
2
2

7
6
91
92
-
0.77
-
10.2
o

Discussion

UDHNA
In general, sub soil mainly consist of blackish yellow high plastic silty clay up to 4 m depth followed
by yellow high plastic clay up to investigation depth of 6.50m depth.
investigation depth.

In general, in surat south zone W.L. is found at 6-10m depth from G.L., and consist of
mainly CH type of soil.

5. Surat Central :-
(Soil Properties)
(SPT/VST)
Soil Samples
(DS/UDS)
Anjna railway
bridge

30.05 - 00.00-01.50
01.50-13.50
13.50-27.00
27.00-30.50
GW
MI
SW-SM
GW-GM
-
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
DS/UDS
DS
DS
Content (%)
Density
(g/cc)
Bulk Dry
G
r
S
n
Silt+
Clay
C
(kg/cm
2
)

(degr
ee)
Anjna
railway
bridge

00.00-01.50
01.50-13.50
13.50-27.00
27.00-30.50
-
24.54
09.62
05.98
-
1.91
-
-
-
1.51
-
-
-
2.69
-
-
79
5
13
55
18
21
82
37
3
75
6
9
-
0.91
-
-
-
10.3
o

-

-

Discussion
ANJANA RAILWAY BRIDGE
In general, sub soil mainly consist of filed up soil up to 1.50 m depth followed by yellow plastic
clayey silt with sand up to 13.50 m depth followed by sand with gravel up to 27 m depth followed by
dense sandy gravel up to 30.50 m investigation depth.
The ground water table was observed at 9m depth from G.L.
Moisture content at depth of 13.50 m from ground level is found to be 24.54% followed by 9.62%
up to 27 m depth followed by 5.98% up to investigation depth.

In general, in surat central zone W.L. is found at 8-12m depth from G.L., and consist of
mainly GW-GM, SW-SM, MI type of soil.

6. Surat South-West:-
(SPT/VST)
Soil Samples
(DS/UDS)
Parle point
flyover bridge
23.00 - 00.00-03.00
03.00-07.20
07.20-10.50
10.50-16.50
16.50-23.00
SM
SM
ML
SM
SM-SW
-
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
DS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS

ONGC Vesu 20.50 0.50 00.00-00.50
00.50-03.50
03.50-07.50
07.50-20.50
CI
CH-CM
CH-CM
SM-SW
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
UDS
UDS
UDS

Piplod
(high rise
building)
12.45 08.00 00.00-02.00
02.00-06.80
06.80-10.00
10.00-12.00
CH
CH-CI
MI
CH-CI
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS

Bhimrad 09.50 09.50 00.00-00.40
00.40-01.60
01.60-04.00
04.00-09.50
CI
ML
CI
CH-CI
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
DS/UDS
UDS
UDS

SVNIT 06.50

04.50 00.00-05.00
00.50-02.00
02.00-06.50
CI
CH
CH-CI
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
UDS
UDS
06.50 06.50 00.00-02.00
02.00-06.50
CH
MI-MH
SPT
SPT
DS/UDS
UDS

B.M. Collage 08.50 02.80 00.00-02.00
02.0-05.00
05.00-08.50
CH
CI
CI-CH
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS/UDS
UDS
UDS
( S o i l P r o p e r t i e s )

Content (%)
Density
(g/cc)
Bulk Dry
G
r
S
n
Silt+ Clay C
(kg/cm
2
)

(degre
e)
Parle point
flyover
bridge
00.00-03.00
03.00-07.20
07.20-10.50
10.50-16.50
16.50-23.00
-
13.42
20.45
16.90
16.80
-
-
1.91
1.98
-
-
-
1.59
1.64
-
-
-
2.83
2.84
-
6
0
20
15
2
61
82
24
62
87
33
19
57
23
12
-
-
0.01
0.00
0.00
-
-
30.1
O

32.6
O

35.0
O

ONGC Vesu 00.00-00.50
00.50-03.50
03.50-07.50
07.50-20.50
-
28.98
25.93
20.00
-
1.93
1.96
2.17
-
1.52
1.54
1.81
-
2.78
2.79
2.94
5
0
1
0
42
13
28
85
53
87
72
16
-
0.35
0.61
0.04
-
0
O

7.7
O

31.4
O

Piplod
(high rise
building)
00.00-02.00
02.00-06.80
06.80-10.00
10.00-12.00

24.00
18.50
25.00
-
1.96
1.82
1.93
-
1.58
1.53
1.55
-
2.58
2.56
2.57
-
1
3
10
8
8
27
30
25
91
70
60
67
-
0.28
0.09
-
-
18.33
O

25
O

-

Bhimrad 00.00-00.40
00.40-01.60
01.60-04.00
04.00-09.50
-
32.01
32.00
22.52
-
-
1.81
1.94
-
-
1.37
1.94
-
-
2.81
2.81
0
0
0
6
12
3
4
24
88
97
96
70
-
-
-
0.84
-
-
-
8.1
O

(Soil Properties)
SVNIT 00.00-05.00
00.50-02.00
02.00-06.50

-
22.26
25.00
-
-
1.89
-
-
1.52
-
-
2.78
3
0
6
12
6
21
85
94
78
-
-
0.75
-
-
10.3
O

00.00-02.00
02.00-06.50

26.99
25.33
1.88
1.92
1.48
1.53
2.65
2.67
0
5
11
29
89
68
1.06
0.90
0
O

9.1
O

B.M.
Collage
00.00-02.00
02.0-05.00
05.00-08.50

34.50
31.44
24.60
1.84
1.86
1.95
1.37
1.41
1.58

2.85
2.83
2.81
0
1
3

1
6
15
99
94
83

-
0.24
0.93
-
7.3
0

7.3
0

Content (%)
Density
(g/cc)
Bulk Dry
G
r
S
n
Silt+ Clay C
(kg/cm
2
)

(degre
e)
(Soil Properties)
Discussion
PARLE POINT FLYOVER BRIDGE
In general, sub soil mainly consist of road material etc. filed up material up to 3.00 m depth followed
by black dense medium sand up to 5m depth followed by black dense coarse sand up to 7.2m
depth followed by yellow non plastic silt with sand and gravel up to 10.50m followed by blackish
yellow silty sand with gravel up to 16.50m depth followed by blackish silty medium to coarse sand
up to investigation depth of 23m.
up to 10.50 m depth followed by 16.90% up to 16.50m depth followed by 16.80% upto investigation
depth.

ONGC VESU
In general, sub soil mainly consist of filed up soil up to 0.50m depth followed by black high plastic
clay with sand up to 3.50m depth followed by yellow high plastic clay with sand up to 7.5m depth
followed by black silty fine sand up to 20.50m investigation depth.
The ground water table was observed at 0.50m depth from G.L.
Moisture content at depth of 3.50m from ground level is found to be 28.98% followed by 25.93% up
to 7.50 m depth followed by 20.00% up to 20.50m investigation depth.
Discussion
PIPLOD
In general, sub soil mainly consist of blackish silty clay of high plasticity up to 2.00 m depth followed
by yellowish silty clay of high to medium plasticity with sand and gravel up to 6.80m depth followed
by yellowish clayey up to 10.0m depth followed by yellowish silty clay of high to medium plasticity
with sand and gravel up to 12.00m investigation depth.
up to 6.8 m depth followed by 25.00% up to 10.00m depth.

BHIMRAD
In general, sub soil mainly consist of black plastic silty clay up to 0.40 m depth followed by yellow
non plastic silt up to 1.60m depth followed by black plastic silty clay up to 4.0m depth followed by
yellow plastic clay with sand up to 9.50m investigation depth.
Moisture content at depth of 4.60 m from ground level is found to be 32.01% followed by 32% up to
4 m depth followed by 22.52% upto investigation depth.

Discussion
SVNIT
In general, sub soil mainly consist of yellowish filled up soil up to 0.50 m depth followed by black
high plastic clay up to 2m depth followed by yellow plastic silty clay with sand up to 6.50m

BHAGAVAN MAHAVIR COLLEDGE
In general, sub soil mainly consist of black high plastic clay up to 2.00 m depth followed by black
plastic silty clay up to 5m depth followed by yellow plastic clay with sand up to 8.50m investigation
depth.
up to 5 m depth followed by 24.60% up to investigation depth.

In general, in surat south west zone W.L. is found at 0.50-13.25m depth from G.L., and
consist of mainly CH, CI, MH, MI, ML, SM-SW type of soil.

(SPT/VST)
Soil Samples
(DS/UDS)
Olpad 10.50 05.50 00.00-02.00
02.00-06.00
06.00-09.00
09.00-10.50
CH
CH
SW-SM
SW-SM
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS
DS

Kamrej (Kathor
Tapi Bridge)
26.50 12.00
(ABOVE G.L.)
00.00-01.50
01.50-03.00
03.00-10.50
10.50-26.50
SC
SW-SM
SC-SM
Weathered Rock
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
DS
DS/UDS
CORE/DS

Palsaana 10.50 03.40 00.00-01.00
01.00-04.00
04.00-06.00
06.00-10.50
CH
CI
GC
CI
SPT
SPT
SPT
SPT
DS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS
DS/UDS

6. Out Side Surat City Limit :-
Content (%)
Density
(g/cc)
Bulk Dry
G
r
S
n
Silt+ Clay C
(kg/cm
2
)

(degr
ee)
Olpad 00.00-02.00
02.00-06.00
06.00-09.00
09.00-10.50
22.02
20.00
15.71
15.00
1.76
1.60
-
-
1.44
1.30
-
-
2.65
2.65
-
-
12
11
2
11
33
38
88
84
55
51
10
5
-
0.79
-
-
-
13.6
O

-
-

Kamrej
(Kathor Tapi
Bridge)
00.00-01.50
01.50-03.00
03.00-10.50
10.50-26.50
-
17.12
16.00
-
-
-
1.98
-
-
-
1.72
-
-
-
2.65
-
0
0
3
-
53
69
41
-
47
11
56
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

Palsaana 00.00-01.00
01.00-04.00
04.00-06.00
06.00-10.50
-
23.01
23.52
23.18
-
1.85
1.85
1.96
-
1.49
1.51
1.58
-
2.81
2.76
2.72
0
20
41
4
13
19
11
17
87
61
48
79
-
0.48
0.74
-
-
17
O

12.6
O

-
(Soil Properties)
Discussion
OLPAD
In general, sub soil mainly consist of blackish yellow high plastic clay with sand and gravel up to
2.00 m depth followed by yellow high plastic clay with sand and gravel up to 6m depth followed by
dense medium to fine sand up to 9m depth followed by very dense sand with gravel up to 10.50m
6.0 m depth followed by 15.71% up to 9m depth followed by 15% up to investigation depth.

KAMREJ KATHOD TAPI BRIDGE
In general, sub soil mainly consist of black coarse sand up to 1.50 m depth followed by yellow
plastic silt and clay with sand up to 3m depth followed by dense silty medium to coarse sand with
gravel up to 10.50m depth followed by weathered rock up to 26.50m investigation depth.
The ground water table was observed at 12.00m depth above G.L.
Moisture content at depth of 3m from ground level is found to be 17.12% followed by 16% up to
10.50 m depth.
At depth of 10.50-26.50m C.R.(Core Recovery) and RQD(Rock Quality Designation) are 25% and
10% respectively.

Discussion

PALSANA
In general, sub soil mainly consist of blackish plastic clay with sand up to 1.00 m depth followed by
yellow plastic silty clay with sand up to 4m depth followed by yellow plastic clayey sand and gravel
up to 6m depth followed by yellow plastic silty clay with sand up to 10.50m investigation depth.
Moisture content at depth of 4m from ground level is found to be 23.01% followed by 23.52% up to
6 m depth followed by 23.18% up to investigation depth.

In general, in outside surat city limit W.L. is found at 3-10m depth from G.L., and consist of
mainly CH, CI, SC, SW-SM, GC type of soil.

CONCLUSION

For every civil engineering construction, if boring hole is carried out followed by proper
inspection, than the variation in the stratification of the soil layers can be obtained which help in
deciding the depth and the type of foundation and to be adopted.

Also the soil samples are tested for different engineering and index properties which help in
obtaining the SBC and settlement due to loading and factor of safety to be considered.

IS Classification of soil

GW: Well graded gravels-sand mixtures; little or no fines
GP: Poorly graded gravels or gravels-sand mixtures; little or no fines
SW: Well graded sands, gravelly sands; little or no fines
GM: Silty gravels, poorly graded gravels-sand-silt mixtures
SM: Silty sands, poorly graded sand-silt mixtures
GC: Clayey gravels, poorly graded gravels-sand-silt mixtures
SC: Clayey sands, poorly graded sand-silt mixtures
ML: Inorganic silts and very fine sands rock flour, silty or clayey fine sands or clayey silts
with none to low plasticity
MI: Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fine sands or clayey silts of medium plasticity
MH: Inorganic silt of high compressibility, micaceous or diatomaceous fine sandy or silty
soils, elastic silts
CL: Inorganic clays, gravelly clay, sandy clays, silty clays, lean clay of low plasticity
CI: Inorganic clays, gravelly clay, sandy clays, silty clays, lean clay of medium plasticity
CH: Inorganic clays of high plasticity, fat clays
Pt: Peat and other highly organic soils with very high compressibility
OL,OI,OH: Organic soil

References and Bibliography

Indian Standards Description
IS 8763-1978 Guide for Undisturbed Sampling of Sand
(Reaffirmed 1997)
IS 2132-1986 Code of practice for Thin Walled Tube Sampling if
(Reaffirmed 1997) soils (UDS)

IS 2131-1981 Method for standard penetration test (SPT) for soils
(Reaffirmed 1997)
IS (Part-1)-1976 Method for sub surface sounding for soils. Dynamic
method using 50mm cone without Bentonite Slurry

IS 10042-1981 Code of practice for site Investigation for foundation in
(Reaffirmed 1997) Gravel Boulder Deposit
IS 1892-1979 Code of practice for subsurface investigation for
foundation
IS 2720 Various method of test for soils
IS 2809-1972 Glossary of Terms and Symbols relating to Soils
Engineering

IS 1498-1970 Classification and Identification of Soils for
(Reaffirmed 1997) General Engineering purposes

IS 1904-1986 Code for Practice for Design and Construction of
Foundation in Soils: General Requirement
IS 6403-1981 Code of Practice for Determination of Bearing Capacity
(Reaffirmed 1997) of Shallow Foundation
IS 8009 Part 1-1976 Code of practice for Calculation of settlements of
(Reaffirmed 1993) Foundations
THANK YOU

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