LOOPS

Loops

1
 The for Loop
• Repetition
– construct to execute a section of code a specified number of times

for (initialization; test-condition; increment)

{
statement(s)
}

• (1) Set initial value of counter.

• (2) Perform test to see if loop should continue.
• (3) Execute statements.
• (4) Update counter.
• (5) Repeat from (2).
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
int count; //loop control variable
for (count=1; count<=100; count++)
cout << count << " ";
return 0;
} 2
 The for Loop
• Output?
for (count=10; count < 5; count++)
cout << count;

• A square root calculating program

#include <iostream.h>
#include <cmath> // for older compilers, use <math.h>

int main()
{
int num;

for(num=1; num < 100; num++)

{
cout << num << " " << sqrt((double) num) << '\n';
}

return 0;
}

3
 Variations of the for Loop
int main()
{
for(int i=100; i >= -100; i = i-5)
cout << i << ' ';
return 0;
}
================================

for(x=0, y=10; x<=10; ++x, --y)

cout << x << ' ' << y << '\n';
================================

#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>

int main()
{
int i;

// print numbers until a key is pressed

for(i=0; !kbhit(); i++) cout << i << ' ';

return 0;
}
4
 Variations of the for Loop
int x;
for(x=0; x != 123; )
{
cout << "Enter a number: ";
cin >> x;
}
================================
int x = 0;
for( ; x<10; )
{
cout << x << ' ';
++x;
}
================================
for(;;)
{
body of loop
}

5
 The while Loop
• Repetition construct
– it’s a for loop stripped of the initialization and update parts

while (test-condition)
{
statement(s)
}

 for ( ;test-condition; ) { statement(s) }

 initialize counter
while (test-condition)
{ statement(s);
update counter;
}

6
 The while Loop
• Might use it if do not know beforehand when to stop
repeating
int n = 99; //why initialize?
cout << “Guess my fav number”;
while(n != 0)
cin >> n;
cout << “Yes, I was looking for 0 \n”;
================================

unsigned char ch;

ch = 1;
while(ch)
{ //when does it terminate?
cout << ch;
ch++;
} //displays what?

7
 The do-while Loop
• Similar to while, except that tests condition after the
body of the loop i.e. statements executed at least once
do {
statement(s);
} while (test-condition);
================================

int num;
do
{
cout << "Enter a number (100 to stop): ";
cin >> num;
} while (num != 100);

8
 Which Loop to Use?
• if (number of repetitions known)
use for;
else if (body to be executed once at least)
use do while;
else {use while;}

• No hard rule; all interchangeable mostly; matter of

style
9
 The continue Statement
• continue, break and goto are jump statements.
• continue used in loops and causes program to skip rest of loop’s body and start the
next iteration immediately. Actually takes you to the closing brace of the loop body

long dividend, divisor;

char ch;
do
{
cout << "Enter dividend: "; cin >> dividend;
cout << "Enter divisor: "; cin >> divisor;
if (divisor == 0) //divide by zero error
{
cout << "Illegal divisor\n";
continue;
}
cout << "Quotient is " << dividend/divisor;
cout << " , remainder is " << dividend%divisor;
cout << "\nDo another? (y/n): ";
cin >> ch; 10
} while (ch != 'n');
 The continue Statement
• Output of following?
#include <iostream.h>

int main()
{
int x;

for(x=0; x<=100; x++)

{
if(x%2)
continue;
cout << x << ' ';
}
return 0;
} 11
 The break Statement
• Causes exit from loop or switch

#include <iostream.h>
#include <cmath>

int main()
{
double x;

while (1)
{
cout << "Enter number for square root: ";
cin >> x;

if (x <0.0)
break; //exit loop if x is -ve
cout << sqrt(x) << endl;
}// break jumps to here
cout << "Sorry, can't do that\n";
return 0;
} 12
 The break Statement
int t;
for(t=0; t<100; t++)
{
if(t==10)
break;
cout << t << ' ';
}
================================
for(i=0; i<1000; i++)
{
// do something
if(kbhit())
break;
}// keypress stops execution

• break causes exit from the innermost loop or switch, and not from the
enclosing loops or switches

13
 The goto Statement
• Unconditional branch statement that jumps to a label (identifier)
• goto label;
…
label: statement(s);
================================

int x = 1;
loop1:
cout << x << endl;
x++;
if(x < 100)
goto loop1;
================================

goto end;
int i = 10; //error: goto skips initialization
end:
14
;
 Example

Read and understand the magic number program

given at the end of the chapter 4

15
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
int count_down;
while
cout << "How many greetings do you want? ";
cin >> count_down;

while (count_down > 0)

{
cout << "Hello ";
count_down = count_down - 1;
}

cout << endl;

cout << "That's all!\n";

return 0;
} 16
#include <iostream.h>
int main()
{
char ans; do .. while
do
{
cout << "Hello\n";
cout << "Do you want another greeting?\n"
<< "Press y for yes, n for no,\n"
<< "and then press return: ";
cin >> ans;
} while (ans == 'y' || ans == 'Y');

cout << "Good-Bye\n";

return 0;
}
17
void countSpaces1(void) Counting Space
{
int ch = 0;
Characters
int numofspaces = 0; (while)

printf("Enter a sentence: ");

ch = getchar();

while ( ch != '\n' )
{
if ( ' ' == ch )
numofspaces++;
ch = getchar();
}

cout << "\nThe number of spaces is: " << numofspaces << endl;
}
18
#include <stdio.h> // getchar()
Counting Space
void countSpaces2(void)
Characters
{
int ch = 0;
(do..while)
int numofspaces = 0;

printf("Enter a sentence: ");

do {
ch = getchar();
if ( ' ' == ch )
numofspaces++;
} while ( ch != '\n' );

cout << "\nThe number of spaces is: " << numofspaces << endl;
} 19
#include <stdio.h> // getchar()
#include <ctype.h> // isdigit() Make Number
void makeInteger(void) from Digits
{
int num=0;
int digit=0;

printf("Enter a number: ");

digit = getchar();

for( ; isdigit(digit) ; digit=getchar() )

{
num = num * 10;
num = num + (digit - '0');
}

cout << "The number is: " << num << endl; 20
}
 Skip Spaces

#include <ctype.h> // header file for isspace()

for (int = getchar(); isspace( c ) ; c = getchar() )

;
ungetc( c, stdin ); // put the non-space char
// back in the input buffer

21
#include <stdio.h> // getchar()
#include <ctype.h> // isdigit(), isspace()
Skip Spaces
• What is the
void skipSpaces(void)
{ behavior of this
int c = 0; program
int count = 0;
• What is the
cout << "\nSkipping Spaces\n\n\n"; function of
cout.flush()
for ( c=getchar(); isspace(c); c=getchar() ) • What will happen
{
if it is removed
count++;
}
• What does
ungetc() do
cout << count << " spaces skipped\n";
} 22