Medical Terminology Slides: Musculatory System

Copyright 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 20: The

Muscular System
Learning Objectives
Compare the location and function of smooth, cardiac,
and skeletal muscle.
Describe the typical structure of a skeletal muscle.
Briefly describe the mechanism of muscle contraction.
Explain how muscles work together to produce
movement.
Describe the main types of movements produced by
muscles.
Learning Objectives (contd)
List some of the criteria for naming muscles and give
examples of each.
Identify and use the roots pertaining to the muscular
system.
Describe at least seven disorders that affect muscles.
Interpret abbreviations pertaining to muscles.
Pretest
1. The neuromuscular junction is between a muscle and a:
(a) gland
(b) neuron
(c) bone
(d) gonad

Pretest
1. The neuromuscular junction is between a muscle and a :
(a) gland
(b) neuron
(c) bone
(d) gonad

Pretest
2. In the muscular system, the opposite of the origin is
the:
(a) counterorigin
(b) agonist
(c) diaphragm
(d) insertion
Pretest
2. In the muscular system, the opposite of the origin is
the:
(a) counterorigin
(b) agonist
(c) diaphragm
(d) insertion
Pretest
3. The quadriceps femoris muscle forms the anterior part
of the:
(a) neck
(b) back
(c) thigh
(d) abdomen
Pretest
3. The quadriceps femoris muscle forms the anterior part
of the:
(a) neck
(b) back
(c) thigh
(d) abdomen
Pretest
4. The opposite of flexion is:
(a) rotation
(b) antiflexion
(c) relaxation
(d) extension
Pretest
4. The opposite of flexion is:
(a) rotation
(b) antiflexion
(c) relaxation
(d) extension
Pretest
5. The opposite of abduction is:
(a) adduction
(b) circumduction
(c) periduction
(d) pronation
Pretest
5. The opposite of abduction is:
(a) adduction
(b) circumduction
(c) periduction
(d) pronation
Pretest
6. The band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to
a bone is a:
(a) cartilage
(b) bursa
(c) tendon
(d) diaphysis
Pretest
6. The band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to
a bone is a:
(a) cartilage
(b) bursa
(c) tendon
(d) diaphysis
Pretest
7. Polymyositis is inflammation of many:
(a) sense organs
(b) muscles
(c) glands
(d) bones
Pretest
7. Polymyositis is inflammation of many:
(a) sense organs
(b) muscles
(c) glands
(d) bones
Pretest
8. The word kinesis means:
(a) movement
(b) bending
(c) stretching
(d) pain
Pretest
8. The word kinesis means:
(a) movement
(b) bending
(c) stretching
(d) pain
Roots Pertaining to Muscles
Root Meaning Example Definition of Example
my/o muscle myositis* inflammation of muscle
muscul/o muscle musculature muscle arrangement in a part or
the whole body
in/o fiber inotropic acting on (muscle) fibers
fasci/o fascia fasciodesis

binding (suture) of a fascia to a
tendon or other fascia
* Note addition of s to this root before the suffix itis.
Roots Pertaining to Muscles (contd)
Root Meaning Example Definition of Example
ten/o, tendin/o tendon tenostosis ossification of a tendon
ton/o tone cardiotonic

having a strengthening action on
the heart
erg/o work ergonomics study of the efficient use of
energy during work
kin/o-, kine,
kinesi/o,
kinet/o
movement kinesis

movement (adjective: kinetic)
Types of Muscles
Smooth
Walls of hollow organs and ducts
Operates involuntarily
Responsible for peristalsis
Cardiac
Myocardium of heart wall
Functions involuntarily
Responsible for pumping of heart

Types of Muscles (contd)
Skeletal
Attaches to bones
Responsible for voluntary movement
Maintains posture
Generates large portion of body heat
Muscle Structure
Fibers held together in
fascicles
Fascia covers muscle
Tendons attach
muscles
to bones

Muscle Action
Skeletal muscles stimulated by motor neurons of nervous
system
Acetylcholine released
Prompts contraction
Requires actin and myosin to interact
ATP and calcium needed for this response
Partial contraction = tonus

Muscle Action (contd)
Muscles work in pairs at joints to produce movement
Agonist = contraction
Antagonist = relaxation
Point of origin = muscle attachment point to stable part
of skeleton
Point of insertion = muscle attachment point to moving
part of skeleton

Neuromuscular Junction
Origins and Insertions
Naming of Muscles
Named by:
Location
Direction of fibers
Size
Shape
Number of attachment heads
Indicated by suffix -ceps
Its action
Indicated by suffix -or

Superficial Muscles, Anterior
Superficial Muscles, Posterior
Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function
Term Meaning
acetylcholine
(ACh)
A neurotransmitter that stimulates contraction of skeletal muscles
actin One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is myosin
agonist The muscle that carries out a given movement; prime mover
antagonist The muscle that opposes an agonist (prime mover); it must relax when
the agonist contracts
cardiac muscle Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of the heart
fascia The fibrous sheath of connective tissue that covers a muscle; called deep
fascia to differentiate it from the superficial fascia that underlies the skin
(root: fasci/o); plural: fasciae
fascicle A small bundle, as of muscle or nerve fibers
insertion In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a moving
part of the skeleton
muscle An organ that produces movement by contracting; also the tissue that
composes such organs (root: my/o, muscul/o)
Key Terms
Normal Structure and Function (contd)
Term Meaning
myosin One of the two contractile proteins in muscle cells; the other is actin
neuromuscular
junction (NMJ)
The point of contact, or synapse, between a branch of a motor
neuron and a muscle cell
origin In a given movement, the point where a muscle is attached to a
stable part of the skeleton
skeletal muscle Voluntary muscle that moves the skeleton and maintains posture
smooth muscle Involuntary muscle that makes up the wall of the hollow organs,
vessels, and ducts; visceral muscle
synergist A muscle that assists an agonist to produce a given movement
tendon A fibrous band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
(root: ten/o, tendin/o)
tonus A state of steady, partial contraction of muscle that maintains
firmness; muscle tone (root: ton/o)
Clinical Aspects of the Muscular System
Myopathy is a disorder of the muscles
Techniques for diagnosing:
Study of muscle in action
Electromyography (EMG)
Serum assay of enzymes released in damaged
muscles
Creatine kinase

Muscular Dystrophy
Group of hereditary diseases
Most common is Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Progressive, noninflammatory degeneration of muscles
Muscle tissue weakens and wastes away
Gradually replaced with connective tissue and fat
May co-exist with:
Cardiomyopathy (disease of cardiac muscle)
Mental impairment

Polymyositis
Inflammation of skeletal muscle leading to weakness
Dysphagia
Cardiac problems
Cause unknown
May be related to viral infection or autoimmunity
Often associated with other systemic diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis
Lupus erythematosus
Polymyositis (contd)
If skin is involved it is known as dermatomyositis
Symptoms
Erythema
Dermatitis
Lilac-colored rash
Diagnosis
Enzyme studies
EMG
Muscle biopsy

Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Often associated with:
Widespread muscle aches
Tenderness
Stiffness
Fatigue
Sleep disorders
Difficult to diagnose
Treatment
Exercise program
Pain relievers, muscle relaxants, antidepressants

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Persistent fatigue of no known cause
Associated with:
Impaired memory
Sore throat
Painful lymph nodes
Muscle and joint pain
Headaches
Sleep problems
Immune disorders
Often occurs after viral infection
No consistent successful treatments

Myasthenia Gravis
Acquired autoimmune disease
Antibodies interfere with muscle stimulation at
neuromuscular junction
Progressive loss of muscle power
Especially in:
External eye muscles
Other facial muscles
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Lou Gehrig disease
Progressive degeneration of motor neurons, leads to
muscular atrophy
Signs:
Weakness
Cramping
Muscle twitching
Eventually leads to death

Stress Injuries
Include:
Accidental injuries
Damage caused by overexertion or repetitive motion (RSI)
Damage to soft tissue:
Muscle strain
Inflammation
Tearing of ligaments and tendons
Bursitis

Stress Injuries (contd)
Tendonitis is an inflammation of tendon, tendon sheath,
and synovial membrane at joint
Signs: pain, fatigue, weakness, stiffness, numbness,
range of motion (ROM)
Treatment: rest, elevation, ice packs, bracing,
medications
If more severe: steroid injections, ultrasound for
deep heat, strength exercises, surgery, PT

Common Upper Extremity Conditions

Rotator cuff
Epicondylitis
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Trigger finger

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Common Lower Extremity Conditions

Hamstring strain
Shin splint
Achilles tendonitis

Key Terms
Disorders
Term Meaning
amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis (ALS)
A disease caused by degeneration of motor neurons resulting
in muscular weakness and atrophy; Lou Gehrig disease
chronic fatigue syndrome
(CFS)
A disease of unknown cause that involves persistent fatigue,
along with muscle and joint pain and other symptoms; may
be virally induced
dermatomyositis A disease of unknown origin involving inflammation of
muscles as well as dermatitis and skin rashes
fibromyalgia syndrome
(FMS)
A disorder associated with widespread muscular aches and
stiffness and having no known cause
muscular dystrophy A group of hereditary muscular disorders marked by
progressive weakness and atrophy of muscles
myasthenia gravis (MG) A disease characterized by progressive muscular weakness;
an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction
Key Terms
Disorders (contd)
Term Meaning
polymyositis A disease of unknown cause involving muscle inflammation and
weakness
repetitive strain injury Tissue damage caused by repeated motion, usually overuse of the
arm or hand in occupational activities such as writing, typing,
painting, or using hand tools; also called repetitive motion injury,
cumulative trauma injury, overuse syndrome
sprain
Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive force at a
joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture
strain Trauma to a muscle because of overuse or excessive stretch; if
severe, may involve tearing of muscle, bleeding, or separation of
muscle from its tendon or separation of a tendon from bone
tendinitis Inflammation of a tendon, usually caused by injury or overuse; the
shoulder, elbow, and hip are common sites; also spelled tendonitis
tenosynovitis Inflammation of a tendon sheath
Key Terms
Diagnosis
Term Meaning
creatine kinase (CK) An enzyme found in muscle tissue; the serum level of CK
increases in cases of muscle damage; creatine phosphokinase
(CPK)
electromyography
(EMG)
Study of the electrical activity of muscles during contraction
Supplementary Terms
Normal Structure and Function
Term Meaning
aponeurosis A flat, white, sheetlike tendon that connects a muscle with the part
that it moves
creatine A substance in muscle cells that stores energy for contraction
glycogen A complex sugar that is stored for energy in muscles and in the liver
isometric Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle tenses but does
not shorten (literally: same measurement)
isotonic Pertaining to a muscle action in which the muscle shortens to
accomplish movement (literally: same tone)
kinesthesia Awareness of movement; perception of the weight, direction, and
degree of movement (-esthesia means sensation)
Supplementary Terms
Normal Structure and Function (contd)
Term Meaning
lactic acid An acid produced in muscle cells that accumulates in muscle cells
functioning without enough oxygen (anaerobically), as in times of
great physical exertion
motor unit A single motor neuron and all of the muscle cells that its branches
stimulate
myoglobin A pigment similar to hemoglobin that stores oxygen in muscle cells
Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions
Term Meaning
asterixis Rapid, jerky movements, especially in the hands, caused by
intermittent loss of muscle tone
asthenia Weakness (prefix a- meaning without with root sthen/o meaning
strength)
ataxia Lack of muscle coordination (from root tax/o meaning order,
arrangement); adjective: ataxic
athetosis A condition marked by slow, irregular, twisting movements, especially
in the hands and fingers; adjective: athetotic
atrophy A wasting away; a decrease in the size of a tissue or organ, such as
the wasting of muscle from disuse
avulsion Forcible tearing away of a part
clonus Alternating spasmodic contraction and relaxation in a muscle;
adjective: clonic
contracture Permanent contraction of a muscle
Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (contd)
Term Meaning
fasciculation Involuntary small contractions or twitching of muscle fiber groups
(fasciculi)
fibromyositis A nonspecific term for pain, tenderness, and stiffness in muscles
and joints
fibrositis Inflammation of fibrous connective tissue, especially the muscle
fasciae; marked by pain and stiffness
restless legs syndrome
(RLS)
Uneasiness, twitching, or restlessness in the legs that occurs
after going to bed and often leading to insomnia; may be caused
by poor circulation or drug side effects
rhabdomyolysis An acute disease involving diffuse destruction of skeletal muscle
cells (root rhabd/o means rod, referring to the long, rodlike
muscle cells)
rhabdomyoma A benign tumor of skeletal muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma A highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
Supplementary Terms
Symptoms and Conditions (contd)
Term Meaning
rheumatism A general term for inflammation, soreness, and stiffness of muscles
associated with pain in joints (adjective: rheumatic, rheumatoid)
spasm A sudden, involuntary muscle contraction; may be clonic (contraction
alternating with relaxation) or tonic (sustained); a strong and painful
spasm may be called a cramp (adjectives, spastic, spasmodic)
spasticity Increased tone or contractions of muscles causing stiff and awkward
movements
tetanus An acute infectious disease caused by the anaerobic bacillus
Clostridium tetani. It is marked by persistent painful spasms of
voluntary muscles; lockjaw
tetany A condition marked by spasms, cramps, and muscle twitching caused
by a metabolic imbalance, such as low blood calcium caused by
underactivity of the parathyroid glands
torticollis Spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles causing stiffness and
twisting of the neck; wryneck
Supplementary Terms
Diagnosis and Treatment
Term Meaning
Chvostek sign Spasm of facial muscles after a tap over the facial nerve; evidence of
tetany
occupational
therapy
Health profession concerned with increasing function and preventing
disability through work and play activities. The goal of occupational
therapy is to increase the patient's independence and quality of daily
life
physical therapy Health profession concerned with physical rehabilitation and
prevention of disability. Exercise, massage, and other therapeutic
methods are used to restore proper movement
rheumatology The study and treatment of rheumatic diseases
Trousseau sign Spasmodic contractions caused by pressing the nerve supplying a
muscle; seen in tetany
Supplementary Terms
Drugs
Term Meaning
antiinflammatory
agent
Drug that reduces inflammation; includes steroids, such as cortisone,
and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
COX-2 inhibitor Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug that does not cause the stomach
problems associated with other NSAIDs. Inhibits the cyclooxygenase
(COX)-2 enzyme without affecting the COX-1 enzyme, a lack of
which can cause stomach ulcers. Some of these drugs have been
withdrawn from the market because of cardiac risk. Example is
celecoxib (Celebrex)
muscle relaxant A drug that reduces muscle tension; different forms may be used to
relax muscles during surgery, to control spasticity, or to relieve
musculoskeletal pain
nonsteroidal
antiinflammatory
drug (NSAID)
Drug that reduces inflammation but is not a steroid; examples include
aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and other inhibitors of prostaglandins,
naturally produced substances that promote inflammation
Abbreviations
Ach Acetylcholine
ALS Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
CFS Chronic fatigue syndrome
C(P)K Creatine (phospho)kinase
CTS Carpal tunnel syndrome
EMG Electromyography, electromyogram
FMS Fibromyalgia syndrome
MG Myasthenia gravis
MMT Manual muscle test(ing)
Abbreviations (contd)
NMJ Neuromuscular junction
OT Occupational therapy/therapist
PT Physical therapy/therapist
RICE Rest, ice, compression, elevation
RLS Restless legs syndrome
ROM Range of motion
RSI Repetitive strain injury
RTC Rotator cuff
SITS Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis (muscles)
Post Test
Underline the term that best fits the definition:
1. Movement away from the midline of the body:
(abduction, adduction)
2. Fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle
to bone: (tendon, fascia)
3. Muscle that carries out a given movement: (antagonist,
agonist)
Post Test
Underline the term that best fits the definition:
1. Movement away from the midline of the body:
(abduction, adduction)
2. Fibrous band of connective tissue that connects muscle
to bone: (tendon, fascia)
3. Muscle that carries out a given movement or a prime
mover: (antagonist, agonist)
Post Test
Fill in the blank with the best term.
4. ____________ is an acquired autoimmune disease in
which antibodies interfere with muscle stimulation at
the NMJ.
5. Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive
force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture
is known as a(n) ____________.

Post Test
Fill in the blank with the best term.
4. Myasthenia gravis is an acquired autoimmune disease in
which antibodies interfere with muscle stimulation at
the NMJ.
5. Injury to a ligament caused by abnormal or excessive
force at a joint, but without bone dislocation or fracture
is known as a(n) sprain.

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Copyright 2014 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 20: The

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