GEOFISIKA DASAR (TKG 231)

TEKNIK GEOLOGI UNDIP

2014
Kuliah Pertemuan ke-2
Is the measurement of contrasts in the physical properties of material
beneath the surface of the earth and the attempt to deduce the nature
and distribution of materials responsible for these observation
GEOFISIKA (Geophysics)
We treat the earth and subsurface as ideal subject
Subsurface is constituted by body of constant thickness
with planar contact
Dipping bed is only with constant inclination
The body is homogeneous, lateral variation pictured as
abrupt vertical boundary
Earth surface always horizontal
The vibration from wind and traffic or induced current by
electric line are never ilustrated

Some Fundamental Consideration
(Suryanto, 2012)
Understand the fundamentals of various exploration
methods
Before planning the data acquision stage :
Determine what information already exist (geology, drilling log,
etc)
Acquisition design
Defining Objectives
(Suryanto, 2012)
Lack of sufficient contrast in physical properties
Non-uniqueness of many interpretations
Resolution
Noise effect
Limitation
(Suryanto, 2012)
Often specific survey objectives cannot be met by applying only one geophysical
method

(Suryanto, 2012)
AKTIF
Seismik Refraksi
Seismik Refleksi

Gelombang gempabumi
Mikroseismik (microseismic)
Gayaberat (gravity)
Geolistrik (resistivity)
Induced Polarization
Pole dipole
Self Potential
Geomagnet
Elektromagnet
Magnetotelurik (magnetotelluric)
PASIF
Macam-macam Metode Geofisika
SEISMIK
GELOMBANG PERMUKAAN (SURFACE
WAVE)
Merusak
Terdiri dari gelombang Love dan
Rayleigh
Tidak merusak
Terdiri dari gelombang primer
(P) dan Sekunder (S)
GELOMBANG BADAN (BODY
WAVE)
Sifat-sifat Gelombang Seismik
P wave : Dan Russell animations A wave pulse
Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/demos.html
Compressional Wave (P-Wave) Animation
Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating compression
and dilation. Particle motion is parallel to the direction of propagation
(longitudinal). Material returns to its original shape after wave passes.
S Wave:Dan Russell animations- Transverse wave
Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/demos.html
Shear Wave (S-Wave) Animation
Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating transverse motion. Particle
motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (transverse). Transverse particle motion
shown here is vertical but can be in any direction. However, Earths layers tend to cause mostly
vertical (SV; in the vertical plane) or horizontal (SH) shear motions. Material returns to its
original shape after wave passes.
Rayleigh Wave (R-Wave) Animation
Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of elliptical motions (generally retrograde
elliptical) in the vertical plane and parallel to the direction of propagation. Amplitude
decreases with depth. Material returns to its original shape after wave passes.
Love Wave (L-Wave) Animation
Deformation propagates. Particle motion consists of alternating transverse motions.
Particle motion is horizontal and perpendicular to the direction of propagation
(transverse). To aid in seeing that the particle motion is purely horizontal, focus on the
Y axis (red line) as the wave propagates through it. Amplitude decreases with depth.
Material returns to its original shape after wave passes.
Dan Russell animations Rayleigh wave
Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/demos.html
Dan Russell animations The people wave
Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University
http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/demos.html

Perambatan Gelombang (Wave Propagation)

Density
Elastic modulii
Viscocity
Plasticity



Mechanical properties
Young Modulus (E)
is the stress needed
to compress the
solid to shorten in a
unit strain
Poisson Ratio ( )
Poissons measures
the relativity of the
expansion in the
lateral directions and
compression in the
direction in which
the uni-axial
compression applies


Bulk Modulus (K)
Imagine you have a small cube of the
material making up the medium and that
you subject this cube to pressure by
squeezing it on all sides. If the material is
not very stiff, you can image that it would
be possible to squeeze the material in this
cube into a smaller cube. The bulk
modulus describes the ratio of the
pressure applied to the cube to the
ampunt of volume change that the cube
undergoes. If K is very large, then the
material is very stiff, meaning that it
doesnt compress very much even under
large pressure. If K is small, then a small
pressure can compress the material by
large amounts.




For example, gases have very
small Bulk Modulus. Solids and
liquids have large Bulk Modulus

Shear Modulus
The shear modulus describes how difficult it
is to deform a cube of the material under an
applied shearing force. For example, imagine
you have a cube of material firmly cemented
to a table top. Now, push on one of the top
edges of the material parallel to the table top.
If the material has a small shear modulus,
you will be able to deform the cube in the
direction you are pushing it so that the cube
will take on the shape of a parallelogram. If
the material has a large shear modulus, it will
take a large force applied in this direction to
deform the cube. Gases and fluids can not
support shear forces., That is, they have
shear modulii of zero. From the equations
given above, notice that this implies that fluids
and gases do not allow the propagation of S
waves

Seismic Velocities
related to material
properties


Seismik Refraksi
Seismik Refleksi
TERIMAKASIH