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Circulatory System
Gross anatomy of the heart
Blood vessels/circulation
Electrical and contractile activity of heart
Cardiac cycle
Blood pressure and flow
Cardiac output
Regulation of blood pressure and flow
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Circulatory System
Circulatory system
heart, blood vessels and blood
Cardiovascular system
heart, arteries, veins and capillaries
Two major divisions of cardiovascular:
Pulmonary circuit: right side of heart
supplies blood to lungs for gas exchange
Systemic circuit: left side of heart
supplies blood to all organs of the body
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Cardiovascular System Circuit
19-4
Position, Size, and Shape
Located in mediastinum,
between lungs
Base - broad superior
portion of heart
Apex - inferior end
Size of large grapefruit,
not size of apple or
watermelon
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Heart Position
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Pericardium
Parietal pericardium
outer, tough, fibrous layer of connective tissue
inner, thin, smooth, moist membrane serous layer
Pericardial cavity
filled with pericardial fluid
Visceral pericardium (or epicardium of heart
wall)
inner, thin, smooth, moist serous membrane layer
covers heart surface
Allows heart to beat without friction, can expand but
resists excessive expansion

19-7
Pericardium and Heart Wall
The parietal peri ends
here, the bottom half of
the looped-around serous
layer; is the beginning of
the second inner layer:
Visceral peri, also known
as the Epicardium of the
heart wall
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Heart Wall
Epicardium (or visceral pericardium)
serous membrane covers heart
Myocardium (middle layer)
thick muscular layer
fibrous skeleton: network of collagenous and
elastic fibers
provides structural support and attachment for cardiac
muscle
electrical nonconductor, important in coordinating
contractile activity
Endocardium: smooth inner lining
lines the interior of the heart chambers
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Heart Chambers
4 chambers
right and left atria
two superior, posterior
chambers
receive blood returning to
heart
right and left ventricles
two inferior chambers
pump blood into arteries
Atrioventricular sulcus (groove): separates atria from ventricles
Anterior and posterior interventricular sulci: separate ventricles
overlies an internal interventricular septum that divides right from left
ventricles
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External Anatomy - Anterior
Ignore this term

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External Anatomy - Posterior
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Heart Chambers - Internal
Interatrial septum
wall that separates atria
Pectinate muscles
internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both
auricles
Interventricular septum
wall that separates ventricles
Trabeculae carneae
internal ridges in both ventricles
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Internal Anatomy - Anterior
Ignore this term

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Heart Valves
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
control flow between atria and ventricles
right AV valve has 3 cusps (tricuspid valve)
left AV valve has 2 cusps (bicuspid or mitral valve)
Tendinous cords connect AV valves to papillary muscles
(on floor of ventricles)
Semilunar valves
control flow into great arteries
pulmonary: right ventricle into pulmonary trunk
aortic: from left ventricle into aorta
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Heart Valves
19-16
Heart Valves
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Valve Mechanics
Ventricles relax
ventricular pressure drops
semilunar valves close
AV valves open
blood flows from atria to ventricles
Ventricles contract
ventricular pressure rises
AV valves pushed close by blood in ventricles
semilunar valves open
blood flows into aorta and pulmonary trunk
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Operation of Atrioventricular Valves
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Operation of Semilunar Valves
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Blood Flow Through Heart
Clinical Application Question
Hans had a strep throat two weeks before he
was to start a new job. He had to complete
some work before he could resign from his old
position so he ignored the bacterial infection.
In the first week of his new job he noticed he
felt weak and short of breath. An ECG
revealed an enlarged P wave. What
abnormality do you think it would be that his
physician would hear something in his
stethoscope? What would cause this unusual
sound?
19-21
Clinical Application Answer
Hans may well have mitral valve stenosis,
based on this ECG finding. The physician may
hear a heart murmur caused by the turbulence
of the blood as it flows through the scarred
bicuspid valve.
19-22

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