Anatomy & Physiology

SIXTH EDITION

Chapter 20, part 3

The Heart

PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by

Dr. Kathleen A. Ireland, Biology Instructor, Seabury Hall, Maui, Hawaii

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Frederic H. Martini

Fundamentals of

Contractile Cells

Resting membrane potential of approximately

90mV
Action potential
Rapid depolarization
A plateau phase unique to cardiac muscle

Repolarization
Refractory period follows the action potential

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Calcium Ion and Cardiac contraction

Cardiac action potentials cause an increase in

Ca2+ around myofibrils

Ca2+ enters the cell membranes during the

plateau phase
Additional Ca2+ is released from reserves in the
sarcoplasmic reticulum

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.15 The Action Potential in Skeletal

and Cardiac Muscle

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.15

Figure 20.15 The Action Potential in Skeletal

and Cardiac Muscle

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.15

The cardiac cycle

The period between the start of one heartbeat

and the beginning of the next
During a cardiac cycle
Each heart chamber goes through systole and
diastole
Correct pressure relationships are dependent
on careful timing of contractions
PLAY

Animation: Intrinsic Conduction System

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.16 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.16

Figure 20.16 Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.16

Pressure and volume changes: atrial systole

rising atrial pressure pushes blood into the

ventricle
atrial systole

the end-diastolic volume (EDV) of blood is in the

ventricles

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pressure and volume changes: ventricular systole

Isovolumetric contraction of the ventricles:

ventricles are contracting but there is no blood
flow
Ventricular pressure increases forcing blood
through the semilunar valves

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Pressure and volume changes: ventricular

diastole

The period of isovolumetric relaxation when all

heart valves are closed
Atrial pressure forces the AV valves open

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.17 Pressure and Volume Relationships

in the Cardiac Cycle

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.17

Heart sounds
Auscultation listening to heart sound via
stethoscope
Four heart sounds
S1 lubb caused by the closing of the AV
valves
S2 dupp caused by the closing of the
semilunar valves

S3 a faint sound associated with blood

flowing into the ventricles
S4 another faint sound associated with atrial
contraction
Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.18 Heart Sounds

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.18a, b

SECTION 20-4
Cardiodynamics

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output

Cardiac output the amount of blood pumped by
each ventricle in one minute
Cardiac output equals heart rate times stroke
volume

CO

HR

Cardiac output

Heart rate

(ml/min)

(beats/min)

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

SV

Stroke
volume
(ml/beat)

Figure 20.19 A Simple Model of Stroke Volume

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 20.19a-d