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MEMORY:

What can I do to
improve it?

Elizabeth Avila-Mora

OUTLINE OF LECTURE
Brief Overview of Three-Box-Model
Processing Components

Best Strategies for Remembering

Attention
Effective Encoding
Effortful Encoding
Rehearsal
Mnemonics
Active Studying
Retrieval Practice

Three-Box-Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968)

Encoding
Encode
Encoding

Information Processing Model (Three-BoxModel)


Processing Components
Attention:
Focusing or tuning on relevant sensations and
perceptions

Rehearsal:
Process of repeating information to preserve or
improve memory.

Encoding:
Processing information into the memory system

Retrieval:
Recovering stored information

What methods or techniques do you use to


remember information or study?

Best Strategies for


Remembering
Attend to Information

Attention: Encoding Failure


Can You Identify the Actual Penny?

Nickerson & Adams (1979)

Attention: Encoding Failure


Correct Answer = A

Attention: Avoiding Distractions


The car ride was getting bumpy now that
George had left the main road to use the
dirt road. He was out of school, not having
to study during the summer break. He was
glad to get out of the stuffy offices of the
archeology department and get out into..

Connelly, Hasher, & Zacks (1991)

Attention: Avoiding Distractions


The car ride river was getting bumpy jeep now
that religious George had religious left the
main digging tools road to use the religious
dirt road. He digging tools river was out of jeep
school, not having digging tools to study
digging tools river during the summer jeep
religious break. He was jeep river glad to
digging tools get out of jeep the stuffy religious
offices river of the archeology religious
department river jeep and get out into..
Connelly, Hasher, & Zacks (1991)

Attention: Avoiding Distractions


Eliminate both external and internal
distractions.
STUDY IN A QUIET ENVIRONMENT
ClOSE YOUR EYES during encoding and retrieval
Einstein, Earles, & Collins (2002)

Attention: Avoiding Distractions


Be in Synchrony with your optimal time of day.
May, Hasher, & Stoltzfus (1993)
Investigated the effects of learning during optimal time
of day.
People performed better on a recognition test when learning
took place during their optimal time of day.

Best Strategies for


Remembering
Rehearsal
Elaborative Rehearsal VS. Maintenance Rehearsal

Best Strategies for


Remembering
Effective & Effortful Encoding

Improving Memory: Encoding


Levels-of-Processing Theory
Processing during encoding

affects how the memory is


formed.

Deeper (sophisticated)
processing leads to better long
term memories.

Improving Memory: Encoding


Deep & Elaborate Processing
Ask WHY?
Helps generate interest
Information is more likely to becomes knowledge based

Improving Memory: Encoding & Retrieval


Organization - Group material in a meaningful
way
--The LTM equivalent of chunking
-- Meaningful connections between items in
memory help create durable memory

Encoding
Encoding

Improving Memory: Mnemonics


Mnemonic:
Strategy for
remembering
information
Involves both encoding
& recall

Improving Memory: Mnemonics


1. Imagery: connect words with images

2. Acronym: letter stands for a word (IAAM for this list)


3. Acrostic: form a sentence
Please excuse my dear aunt sally. (parentheses, exponents,
multiplication, division, addition, subtraction)
Every good boy does fine (E G B D F)
My very educated mother just served us nine pizzas. (planets)

5. Method of Loci: constructing an interactive


image that relates an idea to a landmark.

Try the Method of Loci

Hot Dogs
Cat Food
Tomatoes
Bananas
Chicken
Juice
Broccoli
Lunch meat
Pasta
Bread
Cherries

Driveway
Garage
Front door
Hall closet
Living room
Bathroom
Dining room
Kitchen
Den
Bedroom
Study

Improving Memory: Encoding


Timing of encoding into LTM.
Spacing Effect: repeated spaced out
presentations lead to better memory.
Implications for studying:
Cramming is massed practice, which is NOT
a deep encoding process (no chance to elaborate or
form connections)

Cramming leads to shallow memories

Best Strategies for


Remembering
Retrieval

Improving Memory: Retrieval


Retrieval practice effect (aka testing effect)
Test taking involves recall (retrieval) from LTM
Test taking can improve memory (Roediger & Karpicke, 2006)

Improving Memory: 3Rs


Read Recite Review

Encoding Specificity
Context (environment) influences memory.
Recall is better when it occurs in context in
which material was learned.

A) physical context (room)

B) emotional context

Encoding Specificity

Encoding Specificity
What does this have to do with you?
For durable memories, study under
many different contexts
You dont want to remember
something only in one place!
Study in different places across a
number of days
Goal: To create DURABLE memories!

Practical Application
Remembering someones name when you are
introduced to them.

Improve Your Memory

Use Elaborative/Deep Rehearsal


Retrieval Practice
Space out Studying
Organization
Test Yourself
Use Mnemonics
Read Recite Review

Questions?

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